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1st Kyoto University-Inamori Foundation Joint Kyoto Prize Symposium
July 12-13, 2014
Theme The Front Lines of Human Wisdom Resonance of “Life Sciences,”“Thought and Ethics,”and”Information Science (Finished)

Advanced Technology “Information Science”

Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland

Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland

Professor, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Title of Presentation

“Wearable Intelligence”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Cell phones, heart pacemakers, and wearable computers such as Google glass, smart watches, and `quantified self’ wristbands are moving computers and sensors onto and even into our bodies. They provide us with greater access to information and better communications than ever before, but perhaps the most important feature is that they give us an unprecedented view of our lives, providing greater detail and more scope than ever before. We can use these tools to understand our daily rhythms, and learn how to best live our lives. I have found, for instance, that we can diagnose stress and depression before the person themselves is even aware of the problem, and provide early warnings when disease is causing physical illness.

The greatest and most surprising power of these wearable devices emerges when we collect together data from many people. By combining data across different people we can analyze the data to learn how to best manage companies, how to build better cities, and even how to create better government policies. I have discovered, for instance, that patterns of communication are the most important element determining the productivity and creative output of both companies and cities, and that changing these patterns can create greatly improve their performance. Similarly, by anonymous aggregation of data from cell phones and similar wearable devices I have found that we can map poverty and disease levels in real-time, anticipate high crime areas, and improve our schools.

This wearable intelligence provides the ability to improve our lives and society in unprecedented ways. At the same time it is dangerous: it could be used by an authoritarian government or unethical company to oppress us. As a consequence we must be absolutely certain that this wearable intelligence is built in such in a way that preserved individual privacy and freedom. To accomplish this I have proposed the`New Deal on Data’ to the World Economic Forum, and co-led a discussion at the Forum that has guided privacy and protection policy in both the EU and US. I have also build a privacy-protecting architecture called OpenPDS (Open Personal Data Store) which implements best practice within the EU and US frameworks, and has been deployed in pilots on three continents. OpenPDS provides every individual a secure `digital identity’ which is the underpinning of a stable and harmonious wearable intelligence.

“Idea Machines”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Fine grain data about human behavior, harvested from cell phones, social media, credit cards, and similar media, together with sophisticated mathematics drawn from physics and machine learning, has given us the ability to quantify the network dynamics of social learning and decision making in real-world situations. The models that emerge from this analysis I call `idea machines’, because they describe how the flow of ideas within companies and societies result in productivity and innovation. A key observation about these idea machines is that patterns of communication are the most important element determining the productivity and creative output of both companies and cities, and that by changing these patterns can create greatly improve their performance.

These idea machine models allow accurate modeling of human behavior in domains ranging from financial decisions to health behaviors to consumer consumption. I have also developed network incentive mechanisms that strongly shape the behavior of these machines providing a new approach for addressing the `grand challenges’ of society, including tragedy of the commons problems, and allows us to shape behaviors to increase the productivity of organizations and perhaps even entire cities. To illustrate the power of the `idea machine’ models I will describe experiments at scales from hundreds to millions of people.

However the power to predict and influence behavior must be limited by individual privacy and freedom. To accomplish this I have proposed the `New Deal on Data’ to the World Economic Forum, and co-led a discussion at the Forum that has guided privacy and protection policy in both the EU and US. I have also build a privacy-protecting architecture called OpenPDS (Open Personal Data Store) which implements best practice within the EU and US frameworks, and has been deployed in pilots on three continents. OpenPDS provides every individual a secure `digital identity’ which is the underpinning of a stable and harmonious wearable intelligence.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Alex `Sandy’ Pentland directs MIT’s Human Dynamics Laboratory and the MIT Media Lab Entrepreneurship Program, co-leads the World Economic Forum Big Data and Personal Data initiatives, and is a founding member of the Advisory Boards for Nissan, Motorola Mobility, Telefonica, and a variety of start-up firms. He has previously helped create and direct MIT’s Media Laboratory, the Media Lab Asia laboratories at the Indian Institutes of Technology, and Strong Hospital’s Center for Future Health.

In 2012 Forbes named Sandy one of the ‘seven most powerful data scientists in the world’, along with Google founders and the CTO of the United States, and in 2013 he won the McKinsey Award from Harvard Business Review. He is among the most-cited computational scientists in the world, and a pioneer in computational social science, organizational engineering, wearable computing (Google Glass), image understanding, and modern biometrics. His research has been featured in Nature, Science, and Harvard Business Review, as well as being the focus of TV features on BBC World, Discover and Science channels. His most recent book is `Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread–The Lessons from a New Science,’ published by The Penguin Press.

Over the years Sandy has advised more than 50 PhD students. Almost half are now tenured faculty at leading institutions, with another one-quarter leading industry research groups and a final quarter founders of their own companies.

Sandy’s research group and entrepreneurship program have spun off more than 30 companies to date, three of which are publicly listed and several that serve millions of poor in Africa and South Asia. Recent spin-offs have been featured in publications such as the Economist and the New York Times, as well as winning a variety of prizes from international development organizations.

Details of selected Awards and Honors
A list of selected Publications

Pentland, A. (2014) Social Physics, Penguin Press NY NY

Pickard, G., Pan, W., Rahwan, I., Cebrian, M.,Crane, R., Madan, A., Pentland, A., `Time-

Critical Social Mobilization.’ Science 28: Vol. 334 no. 6055 pp. 509-512, (2011)

Woolley, A.W., Chabris, C.F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T.W. Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups, Sept. 30, 2010 Science, Vol. 330 no. 6004 pp. 686-68

Pentland, A., (2010) To Signal Is Human, American Scientist, Vol. 98, pp. 204-210

Eagle, N., Pentland, A., and Lazer, D. (2009), “Inferring Social Network Structure using Mobile Phone Data”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Pentland, A., (2008) Honest Signals: how they shape our world, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Pentland,A., (2007) “Automatic Mapping and Modeling of Human Networks,” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 378 (1): 59-67.

Sung, M., Marci, C., Pentland, A., (2005) Wearable feedback systems for rehabilitation, Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2:2-17

Pentland, A., (2005) Socially Aware Computation and Communication, IEEE Computer, March 2005, pp. 63-70

Pentland, A., (2004) HealthWear: Medical Technology Becomes Wearable (2004) IEEE Computer, May, 2004, 37(5), pp. 42-49

Kumar VS, Wentzell KJ, Mikkelsen T, Pentland A, Laffel LM. (2004) The DAILY (Daily Automated Intensive Log for Youth) Trial: A Wireless, Portable System to Improve Adherence and Glycemic Control in Youth with Diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapy. 2004 Aug;6(4):445-53.

Roy, D., and Pentland, A., (2002) Learning words from sights and sounds: A computational model, Cognitive Science, 26 113-146.

Weng, J., McClelland, J., Pentland, A., Sporns, O., Stockman, I., Sur, M., Thelen, E., (2001) Automonous Mental Development by Robots and Animals, Science, V291 No. 5504, Jan 26, 2001

Pentland, A., (2000) Looking at People: Sensing for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(1), pp. 107-119, Jan. 2000.

Oliver, N., Rosario, B., and Pentland, A., (2000) A Bayesian Computer Vision System for Modeling Human Interaction, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(8), pp. 831-843

Pentland, A., and Liu, A., (1999) Modeling and Prediction of Human Behavior, Neural Computation, 11(1), pp. 229-242, Jan 1999 Pentland, A., (1998) Wearable Intelligence, Scientific American, Special Issue on Intelligence, pp. 90-95

Starner, T., and Pentland, A., (1998) Real-Time American Sign Language Recognition from Video Using Hidden Markov Models, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Vision, Nov. 1998.

Essa, I., Pentland, A., (1997), Coding, Analysis, Interpretation and Recognition of Facial Expressions, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Vision}, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 757-763

Pentland, A. (1996) Smart Rooms, Smart Clothes, Scientific American, Vol. 274, No. 4, pp. 68-76, April 1996.

Takeo Kanade

Takeo Kanade

U.A. and Helen Whitaker University Professor, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University

Title of Presentation

“Computer Vision:New and Renewed Opportunities”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Computer vision – making computers able to see – is one of the first areas that the field of Artificial Intelligence tackled since its beginning. Though easy for human, it has turned out that computerizing visual recognition capability is much harder to achieve than originally thought. However, today a perfect storm is being formed for explosive expansion of computer vision technologies to many applications, some newly conceived and others with old goals but with an order of magnitude better performance, ranging from those in daily life, such as wearable vision, to those in medical, industrial and scientific visual computing. The storm is coming from the convergence of recent advancements in microelectronics for vast processing, image sensors for capturing tiny signals, and fundamental algorithms to make sense out of visual data.

Starting with some historical perspectives, the talk will discuss exciting opportunities in computer vision.

“Research and Development of Quality of Life Technology: Pittsburgh Experience”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Quality of Life Technology (QoLT) refers to intelligent systems that augment body and mind functions to help older adults and people with disabilities live independently. It is societally important today as demographic shift occurs toward older population. QoLT systems can take many forms: they could be a device that a person carries, a mobile system that accompanies a person, or a technology-embedded environment in which a person lives. While QoLT research aims at intelligent systems, it is a fundamental departure from traditional “autonomous” robotics research. Traditional robotics systems, with military engagement, space exploration, hazardous environment, and industrious production as the main application domains, has had an implicit premise of reducing human involvement. In contrast, QoLT systems must work in the daily environment with a person and for the person. They are a person-system symbiosis in which the person and the artifact components are mutually dependent and work together.

The talk will present research and development in QoLT, as well as education, mainly drawn from the work at the Quality of Life Technology Center in Pittsburgh, jointly established by Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Takeo Kanade is the U. A. and Helen Whitaker University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics. He received his Doctoral degree in Electrical Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan, in 1974. After holding a faculty position in the Department of Information Science, Kyoto University, he joined Carnegie Mellon University in 1980. He was the Director of the Robotics Institute from 1992 to 2001, and a founding Director of Quality of Life Technology Research Center from 2006 to 2012. In Japan, he founded the Digital Human Research Center in Tokyo and served as the founding director from 2001 to 2010.

Dr. Kanade works in multiple areas of robotics: computer vision, multi-media, manipulators, autonomous mobile robots, medical robotics and sensors. He has written more than 300 technical papers and reports in these areas, and holds more than 20 patents. He has been the principal investigator of more than a dozen major vision and robotics projects at Carnegie Mellon.

Dr. Kanade has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering, and also to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, a Fellow of the ACM, a Founding Fellow of American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and the former and founding editor of International Journal of Computer Vision.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

The awards he received include the Franklin Institute Bower Prize, Okawa Award, C&C Award, ACM/AAAI Allen Newell Award, Joseph Engelberger Award, IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Pioneer Award, FIT Accomplishment Award, and IEEE PAMI-TC Azriel Rosenfeld Lifetime Accomplishment Award.

A list of selected Publications

金出武雄 ”独創はひらめかない―「素人発想、玄人実行」の法則”, 日本経済新聞出版社, 2012年11月.

Takeo Kanade and Martial Hebert, “First-Person Vision,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Quality of Life Technology, Vol. 100, No. 8, p. 2442, August 2012.

Seungil Huh, Elmer Daifei Ker, Ryoma Bise, Mei Chen and Takeo Kanade, “Automated Mitosis Detection of Stem Cell Populations in Phase-Contrast Microscopy Images,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol.30, No. 3: pp586-96. March 2011.

Yan Li, Leon Gu and Takeo Kanade, “Robustly Aligning a Shape Model and Its Application to Car Alignment of Unknown Pose,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, September 2011 (vol. 33 no. 9),pp. 1860-1876.

Kang Li, Mei Chen, Takeo Kanade, Eric Miller, Lee Weiss, and Phil Campbell, “Cell Population Tracking and Lineage Construction with Spatiotemporal Context,” Medical Image Analysis, Vol. 12, , No. 5, October, 2008, pp. 546 – 566.

Takeo Kanade and P. J. Narayanan, “Virtualized Reality: Perspectives on 4D Digitization of Dynamic Events”, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 27, No. 3, May/June 2007:32-40.

H. Schneiderman and T. Kanade, “Object Detection Using the Statistics of Parts,” International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 56 No. 3, February/March 2004: 151-177.

Y. Tian, T. Kanade, and J. Cohn, “Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 23, No. 2, February 2001, pp. 97 – 115.

V. Brajovic and T. Kanade, “A VLSI Sorting Image Sensor: Global Massively Intensity-to-Time Processing for Low-Latency, Adaptive Vision,” IEEE Trans. Robotics and Automation, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 67-75, February 1999.

C. Tomasi and T. Kanade, “Shape and Motion from Image Streams Under Orthography: A Factorization Method,” International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 137-154, November 1992.

T. Kanade, “Recovery of the 3-Dimensional Shape of an Object from Its Single View,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 17, pp. 409-460, November 1981.

T. Kanade, “A Theory of Origami World,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 13, pp. 279-311, June 1980.

Yann LeCun

Yann LeCun

Director, Facebook AI Research
Professor, New York University

Title of Presentation

“Deep Learning and the Future of AI”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Over the last two years, rapid progress in AI has enabled our smartphones, social networks, and search engines to understand our voice, recognize our face, and identify objects in our photos with very good accuracy. These dramatic improvements are due in large part to the emergence of a new class of machine learning methods known as Deep Learning.

A particular type of deep learning system called convolutional network (ConvNet) has been particularly successful for image recognition. ConvNets are a kind of artificial neural network whose architecture is loosely based on that of the visual cortex. They have their roots in classic work in neuroscience and in pioneering work by Dr. Kunihiko Fukushima at NHK in the late 1970’s.

All modern computer vision and pattern recognition systems have the ability to learn from examples: the machine is shown many images of objects (e.g. cars, tables, cats, people…), and learns to produce the object category through trial and error. But in traditional approaches, learning plays a rather minor role and much of the system is “hand-crafted” by engineers. What distinguishes ConvNets and other deep learning system is their ability to learn the entire recognition process from end to end. Deep learning systems automatically learn to extract appropriate representations of the perceptual world as part of the learning process.

ConvNets are being deployed in an increasingly large numbers of applications (many of them in Japan) such as face recognition, image tagging, image segmentation, robot vision, handwriting recognition, person detection, gender and age recognition, etc. They approach human performance in some of these applications.

Using deep learning methods for natural language understanding is a very active topic of research in academia and industry, and may lead to more intelligent robots and digital assistants that can dialog with people.

“Computer Perception with Deep Learning”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

The emergence of large datasets, parallel computers, and new machine learning methods, have enabled the deployment of highly-accurate computer perception systems and are opening the door to a wide deployment of AI systems.

A key component in AI systems is a module, sometimes called a feature extractor, that turns raw inputs into suitable internal representations. But designing and building such a module requires a considerable amount of engineering efforts and domain expertise.

Deep Learning methods have provided a way to automatically learn good representations of data from labeled or unlabeled samples. Deep architectures are composed of successive stages in which data representations are increasingly global, abstract, and invariant to irrelevant transformations of the input. Deep learning enables end-to-end training of these architectures, from raw inputs to ultimate output.

The convolutional network model (ConvNet) is a particular type of deep architecture somewhat inspired by biology, which consists of multiple stages of filter banks, interspersed with non-linear operators, and spatial pooling. ConvNets have become the record holder for a wide variety of benchmarks, including object detection, localization and recognition in image, semantic segmentation and labeling, face recognition, acoustic modeling for speech recognition, drug design, handwriting recognition, biological image segmentation, etc.

The most recent speech recognition and image understanding systems deployed by Facebook, Google, NEC, IBM, Microsoft, Baidu, Yahoo and others use deep learning. Many of these systems use very large and very deep ConvNets with billions of connections, trained in supervised mode. But many new applications require the use of unsupervised feature learning. A number of such methods based on sparse auto-encoder will be presented.

Several applications will be shown through videos and live demos, including a category-level object recognition system that can be trained on the fly, a system that can label every pixel in an image with the category of the object it belongs to (scene parsing), a pedestrian detector, and object localization and detection systems that rank first on the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge data. Specialized hardware architectures that run these systems in real time will also be described.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Yann LeCun is Director of AI Research at Facebook, and Silver Professor of Data Science, Computer Science, Neural Science, and Electrical Engineering at New York University, affiliated with the NYU Center for Data Science, the Courant Institute of Mathematical Science, the Center for Neural Science, and the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department.

He received the Electrical Engineer Diploma from Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs en Electrotechnique et Electronique (ESIEE), Paris in 1983, and a PhD in Computer Science from Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris) in 1987. After a postdoc at the University of Toronto, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, NJ in 1988. He became head of the Image Processing Research Department at AT&T Labs-Research in 1996, and joined NYU as a professor in 2003, after a brief period as a Fellow of the NEC Research Institute in Princeton. From 2012 to 2014 he directed NYU’s initiative in data science and became the founding director of the NYU Center for Data Science. He was named Director of AI Research at Facebook in late 2013 and retains a part-time position on the NYU faculty.

His current interests include AI, machine learning, computer perception, mobile robotics, and computational neuroscience. He has published over 180 technical papers and book chapters on these topics as well as on neural networks, handwriting recognition, image processing and compression, and on dedicated circuits and architectures for computer perception. The character recognition technology he developed at Bell Labs is used by several banks around the world to read checks and was reading between 10 and 20% of all the checks in the US in the early 2000s. His image compression technology, called DjVu, is used by hundreds of web sites and publishers and millions of users to access scanned documents on the Web. Since the mid 1980’s he has been working on deep learning methods, particularly the convolutional network model, which is the basis of many products and services deployed by companies such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Baidu, IBM, NEC, AT&T and others for image and video understanding, document recognition, human-computer interaction, and speech recognition.

LeCun has been on the editorial board of IJCV, IEEE PAMI, and IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, was program chair of CVPR’06, and is chair of ICLR 2013 and 2014. He is on the science advisory board of Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, and Neural Computation and Adaptive Perception Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. He has advised many large and small companies about machine learning technology, including several startups he co-founded. He is the lead faculty at NYU for the Moore-Sloan Data Science Environment, a $36M initiative in collaboration with UC Berkeley and University of Washington to develop data-driven methods in the sciences. He is the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award, 2014

A list of selected Publications

Y. LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio and P. Haffner: Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11):2278-2324, November 1998

Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun: Scaling learning algorithms towards AI, in Bottou, L. and Chapelle, O. and DeCoste D. and Weston, J. (Eds), Large-Scale Kernel Machines, MIT Press, 2007, \cite{bengio-lecun-07}

Yann LeCun, Sumit Chopra, Raia Hadsell, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato and Fu-Jie Huang: A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning, in Bakir, G. and Hofman, T. and Schölkopf, B. and Smola, A. and Taskar, B. (Eds), Predicting Structured Data, MIT Press, 2006

Y. LeCun, B. Boser, J. S. Denker, D. Henderson, R. E. Howard, W. Hubbard and L. D. Jackel: Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition, Neural Computation, 1(4):541-551, Winter 1989

Pierre Sermanet, David Eigen, Xiang Zhang, Michael Mathieu, Rob Fergus and Yann LeCun: OverFeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks, International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR2014), CBLS, (OpenReview), (Arxiv:1312.6229), April 2014

Clement Farabet, Camille Couprie, Laurent Najman and Yann LeCun: Learning Hierarchical Features for Scene Labeling, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, August 2013,

Yann LeCun: Learning Invariant Feature Hierarchies, in Fusiello, Andrea and Murino, Vittorio and Cucchiara, Rita (Eds), European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2012), 7583:496-505, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Springer, ISBN:978-3-642-33862-5, Workshop on Biological and Computer Vision Interfaces (invited paper), 2012

Clement Farabet, Rafael Paz, Jose Perez-Carrasco, Carlos Zamarreno, Alejandro Linares-Barranco, Yann LeCun, Eugenio Culurciello, Teresa Serrano-Gotarredona and Bernabe Linares-Barranco: Comparison Between Frame-Constrained Fix-Pixel-Value and Frame-Free Spiking-Dynamic-Pixel ConvNets for Visual Processing, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6(00032), DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00032 (open access), 2012

Clement Farabet, Yann LeCun, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Eugenio Culurciello, Berin Martini, Polina Akselrod and Selcuk Talay: Large-Scale FPGA-based Convolutional Networks, in Bekkerman, Ron and Bilenko, Mikhail and Langford, John (Eds), Scaling up Machine Learning: Parallel and Distributed Approaches, Cambridge University Press, 2011

Koray Kavukcuoglu, Pierre Sermanet, Y-Lan Boureau, Karol Gregor, Michaël Mathieu and Yann LeCun: Learning Convolutional Feature Hierachies for Visual Recognition, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2010), 23, 2010

Koray Kavukcuoglu, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Rob Fergus and Yann LeCun: Learning Invariant Features through Topographic Filter Maps, Proc. International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’09), IEEE, 2009

Raia Hadsell, Pierre Sermanet, Marco Scoffier, Ayse Erkan, Koray Kavackuoglu, Urs Muller and Yann LeCun: Learning Long-Range Vision for Autonomous Off-Road Driving, Journal of Field Robotics, 26(2):120-144, February 2009

Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Y-Lan Boureau and Yann LeCun: Sparse feature learning for deep belief networks, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2007), 20, 2007

M. Osadchy, Y. LeCun and M. Miller: Synergistic Face Detection and Pose Estimation with Energy-Based Models, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 8:1197-1215, May 2007

Tatsuya Kawahara

Tatsuya Kawahara

Professor, Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University

Title of Presentation

“Recent Paradigm Shift in Speech Recognition”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

This talk gives a historical review and future perspective on automatic speech recognition (ASR), pointing out that the “standard” paradigm of statistical modeling and training has been changed in recent years. First, the necessary amount of training data becomes so large that it is impractical to manually compile a training corpus. The key to successful deployment of ASR in recent years is “big data” paradigm in which real user data is collected in a huge scale. Next, the generative models of hidden Markov model (HMM) and N-gram model, which have been used as the standard for decades, have been replaced by discriminative models, particularly deep neural network (DNN). Moreover, I will point out that the noisy channel model, which is still the standard formula of ASR, should be replaced by a general statistical framework.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Tatsuya Kawahara received B.E. in 1987, M.E. in 1989, and Ph.D. in 1995, all in information science, from Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

In 1990, he became a Research Associate in the Department of Information Science, Kyoto University. From 1995 to 1996, he was a Visiting Researcher at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Currently, he is a Professor in the Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies and an Affiliated Professor in the School of Informatics, Kyoto University.

He has also been an Invited Researcher at ATR and NICT.
He has been conducting several speech-related projects in Japan including free large vocabulary continuous speech recognition software (http://julius.sourceforge.jp/) and the automatic transcription system for the Japanese Parliament (Diet).

From 2003 to 2006, he was a member of IEEE SPS Speech Technical Committee.
He was a general chair of IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding workshop (ASRU 2007). He also served as a Tutorial Chair of INTERSPEECH 2010 and a Local Arrangement Chair of ICASSP 2012.

He is an editorial board member of Elsevier Journal of Computer Speech and Language and APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information. He is VP-Publications (BoG member) of APSIPA and a senior member of IEEE.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

2000 IPSJ Sakai Special Researcher Award

2011 IPSJ Kiyasu Special Industrial Achievement Award

2012 IPSJ Best Paper Award

2012 DOCOMO Mobile Science Award

2012 The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

A list of selected Publications

●Spontaneous Speech Recognition
T. Kawahara. Transcription system using automatic speech recognition for the Japanese Parliament (Diet). In Proc. AAAI/IAAI, pp.2224–2228, 2012.

Y. Akita and T. Kawahara. Statistical transformation of language and pronunciation models for spontaneous speech recognition. IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech \& Language Process., Vol.18, No.6, pp.1539–1549, 2010.

●Indexing and Annotation of Lectures & Meetings
G. Neubig, Y. Akita, S.Mori, and T. Kawahara. A monotonic statistical machine translation approach to speaking style transformation. Computer Speech and Language, Vol.26, No.5, pp.349–370, 2012.

T. Kawahara, M. Hasegawa, K. Shitaoka, T. Kitade, and H. Nanjo. Automatic indexing of lecture presentations using unsupervised learning of presumed discourse markers. IEEE Trans. Speech \& Audio Process., Vol.12, No.4, pp. 409–419, 2004.

M. Nishida and T.Kawahara. Speaker model selection based on Bayesian information criterion applied to unsupervised speaker indexing. IEEE Trans. Speech \& Audio Process., Vol.13, No.4, pp. 583–592, 2005.

●Speech Understanding
I. R.Lane, T. Kawahara, T. Matsui, and S. Nakamura. Out-of-domain utterance detection using classification confidences of multiple topics. IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech \& Language Process., Vol.15, No.1, pp.150–161, 2007.

H. Nanjo and T. Kawahara. A new ASR evaluation measure and minimum Bayes-risk decoding for open-domain speech understanding. In Proc. IEEE-ICASSP, Vol.1, pp.1053–1056, 2005.

T. Kawahara, C.-H. Lee, and B.-H. Juang. Flexible speech understanding based on combined key-phrase detection and verification. IEEE Trans. Speech \& Audio Process., Vol.6, No.6, pp. 558–568, 1998.)

●Spoken Dialogue Systems
T. Misu and T. Kawahara. Bayes risk-based dialogue management for document retrieval system with speech interface. Speech Communication, Vol.52, No.1, pp.61–71, 2010.

T. Misu and T. Kawahara. Dialogue strategy to clarify user’s queries for document retrieval system with speech interface. Speech Communication, Vol.48, No.9, pp.1137–1150, 2006.

K. Komatani, S. Ueno, T. Kawahara, and H. G. Okuno. User modeling in spoken dialogue systems to generate flexible guidance. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, Vol.15, No.1, pp. 169–183, 2005.

●Robust Speech Processing
D. Cournapeau, S. Watanabe, A. Nakamura, and T. Kawahara. Online unsupervised classification with model comparison in the Variational Bayes framework for voice activity detection. IEEE J. Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol.4, No.6, pp.1071–1083, 2010.

R. Gomez and T. Kawahara. Robust speech recognition based on dereverberation parameter optimization using acoustic model likelihood. IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech \& Language Process., Vol.18, No.7, pp.1708–1716, 2010.

Y. Kida and T. Kawahara. Evaluation of voice activity detection by combining multiple features with weight adaptation. In Proc. INTERSPEECH, pp.1966–1969, 2006.

●CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)
T. Kawahara and N. Minematsu. Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Systems. Tutorial at InterSpeech 2012.

H. Wang, C. J. Waple, and T. Kawahara. Computer assisted language learning system based on dynamic question generation and error prediction for automatic speech recognition. Speech Communication, Vol.51, No.10, pp.995–1005, 2009.

Y. Tsubota, T. Kawahara, and M. Dantsuji. An English pronunciation learning system for Japanese students based on diagnosis of critical pronunciation errors. ReCALL Journal, Vol.16, No.1, pp.173–188, 2004.


●Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Platform
A. Lee and T. Kawahara. Recent development of open-source speech recognition engine Julius. In Proc. APSIPA ASC, pp.131–137, 2009.

T. Kawahara, A. Lee, K. Takeda, K. Itou, and K. Shikano. Recent progress of open-source LVCSR engine Julius and Japanese model repository. In Proc. ICSLP, pp.3069–3072, 2004.

A. Lee, T. Kawahara, and K. Shikano. Julius — an open source real-time large vocabulary recognition engine. In Proc. EUROSPEECH, pp.1691–1694, 2001.

●Multi-modal Conversation Analysis
T. Kawahara. Multi-modal sensing and analysis of poster conversations toward smart posterboard. In Proc. SIGdial Meeting Discourse \& Dialogue, pp.1–9 (keynote speech), 2012.

Tatsuya Harada

Tatsuya Harada

Professor, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo

Title of Presentation

“Bridging the Gap between Visual Contents and Natural Language”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

With the development of machine learning techniques and computer hardware, the recent image recognition system is becoming to classify any images in which the target objects are clearly displayed. However, it is difficult to say that only classified results sufficiently represent the contents of the image. To represent an image more appropriately, it would be preferable if the image was described with natural sentences which consider relationship among objects and scene in the image. The image description methods have wide variety applications including an automatic video summarization and an intelligent robot communicating with humans, but the realization of the image description is more difficult than the image classification because the system has to understand the contexts of the image.

In this talk, to bridge the gap between visual contents and natural language, I will explain our image recognition and description methods, and also introduce trials of novel images generation from the high level features.

Profile

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A brief Biography
2001. 3 Ph.D Degree in Engineering, the University of Tokyo
2001. 4 Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD)
2001. 12 Assistant Professor of Information Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo
2006. 4 Lecturer of Information Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo
2009. 4 Associate Professor of Information Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo
2013. 4

Professor of Information Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo

Details of selected Awards and Honors

*Grand Challenge Special Prize on the Best Application of a Theoretical Framework from the 19th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (30th November, 2011) shared with Y. Ushiku and Y. Kuniyoshi

*Best Paper Award from the Robotics Society of Japan (16th September, 2009) shared with T. Sato, H. Kubodera, and T. Mori

*The first place in the fine-grained classification task, and take second place in the classification task at ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2012 (12th October, 2012) shared with N. Gunji, T. Higuchi, K. Yasumoto, H. Muraoka, Y. Ushiku, and Y. Kuniyoshi

A list of selected Publications

(1) Hiroharu Kato, Tatsuya Harada. Image Reconstruction from Bag-of-Visual-Words. In The Twenty-Seventh IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2014), accepted, 2014.

(2) Yoshitaka Ushiku, Tatsuya Harada. Three Guidelines of Online Learning for Large-Scale Visual Recognition. In The Twenty-Seventh IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2014), accepted, 2014.

(3) Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Graphical Gaussian Vector for Image Categorization. the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2012), pp.1556-1564, 2012.

(4) Yoshitaka Ushiku, Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Efficient Image Annotation for Automatic Sentence Generation. the 20th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM 2012), pp.549-558, 2012.

(5) Yuya Yamashita, Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Causal Flow. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.3, No.3, pp.619-629, 2012.

(6) Takashi Shibuya, Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Reliable index for measuring information flow. Phys. Rev. E 84, 061109 (2011)

(7) Tatsuya Harada, Yoshitaka Ushiku, Yuya Yamashita, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Discriminative Spatial Pyramid. In The Twenty-Forth IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2011), pp.1617-1624, 2011.

(8) Tatsuya Harada, Hideki Nakayama, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Improving Local Descriptors by Embedding Global and Local Spatial Information. In The 11th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2010), 2010.

(9) Hideki Nakayama, Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Global Gaussian Approach for Scene Categorization Using Information Geometry. In The Twenty-Third IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2010), 2010.

(10) Takashi Shibuya, Tatsuya Harada, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Causality Quantification and its Applications: Structuring and Modeling of Multivariate Time Series. Proc. of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2009), pp.787-795, 2009.

(11) Rie Matsumoto, Hideki Nakayama, Tatsuya Harada and Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Journalist Robot: Robot System Making News Articles from Real World. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2007), pp.1234-1241, 2007.

Hiroshi Ishiguro

Hiroshi Ishiguro

Distinguished Professor, Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University
Visiting Director, ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories (ATR Fellow)

Title of Presentation

“Humans, Androids, and Media”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

We, humans, have innate brain function to recognize humans. Therefore, very humanlike robots, androids, can be ideal information media for human-robot/computer interaction.

The speaker has developed various types of interactive robots and androids. Geminoid that is a teleoperated android of an existing person can transmit the presence of the operator to the distant place. The operator recognizes the android body as his/her own body after talking with someone through the geminoid and has virtual feeling to be touched when someone touches to the geminoid. However, the geminoid is not the ideal medium for everybody. For example, elderly people often hesitate to talk with adult humans and the adult androids.

A question is what the ideal medium for everybody is. In order to investigate it, the speaker proposes the minimum design of interactive humanoids. It is called Telenoid. The geminoid is the perfect copy of an existing person and it is the maximum design of interactive humanoids. On the other hand, the minimum design looks like a human but we cannot judge the age and gender. Elderly people like to talk with the Telenoid very much. In this talk, the speaker discusses the design principles for the robots and their effects to conversations with humans.

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A brief Biography

Hiroshi Ishiguro received a D. Eng. in systems engineering from the Osaka University, Japan in 1991. He is currently Professor of Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University (2009-) and Distinguished Professor of Osaka University (2013-). He is also visiting Director (2014-) (group leader: 2002-2013) of Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories at the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute and the ATR fellow. His research interests include sensor networks, interactive robotics, and android science.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

In 2011, he won the Osaka Cultural Award presented by the Osaka Prefectural Government and the Osaka City Government

ATR Fellow (2010-)

Distinguished Professor of Osaka University (2013-)
A list of selected Publications

1. H. Sumioka, A. Nakae, R. Kanai and H. Ishiguro. Huggable communication medium decreases cortisol levels. Scientific Reports. 3034, pp. 1-6, 2013.

2. M. Alimardani, S. Nishio and H. Ishiguro. Humanlike robot hands controlled by brain activity arouse illusion of ownership in operators. Scientific Reports, 3(2396), 2013.

6. T. Kanda and H. Ishiguro. Human-robot interaction in social robotics. CRC Press, 2012.

13. H. Ishiguro, T. Minato, Y. Yoshikawa and M. Asada. Humanoid platform for cognitive developmental robotics. International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, 8(3), pp. 391-418, 2011.

43. H. Ishiguro. Scientific issues concerning androids. International Journal of Robotics Research, 26(1), pp. 105-117, 2007.

45. H. Ishiguro. Interactive Humanoids and Andoroids: Promise and Reality, Proceedings of the IEEE, 95 (4), pp. 699, 2007.

46. H. Ishiguro. Android Science: Conscious and subconscious recognition. Connection Science, 18(4), pp. 319-332, 2006.

Basic Sciences “Life Sciences”

Masatoshi Takeichi

Masatoshi Takeichi

Director, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology

Title of Presentation

“How do cells assemble into the body?”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Our body forms through the assembly of cells, and this process depends on the action of proteins called cell adhesion molecules. Among various adhesion molecules, “cadherin” is central to intercellular adhesion. Cadherin molecules protrude from the surface membrane of cells, and they bind another cadherins present in neighboring cells, leading to the linkage of these cells. Cadherins serve not only for sticking cells together but also for regulating the arrangement of cells and adhesive strength between them, via their cooperation with other molecules, especially F-actin. Through these processes, the shape and structure of cell assemblies-tissues-are regulated, and the outline of body parts is designed.

“Morphogenetic roles of cadherin superfamily members”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Cadherins are a group of transmembrane proteins, which have initially been identified as “adhesion molecules”. However, through genetic analysis, a number of related molecules, which share a unique Ca2+-binding motif at their extracellular domains, have been found. Although any of these molecules apparently function as homophilic or heterophilic adhesive receptors, their biological roles diverge. For example, they function as regulators of planar cell polarity, cell proliferation, intercellular repulsion, cell migration and so on. This diversification is brought about by the binding of distinct molecules to the intracellular domain of each member. I will discuss unique roles of these molecules in animal morphogenesis, focusing on particular superfamily members.

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A brief Biography

Dr. Masatoshi Takeichi completed the B. Sc. and M. S. programs in biology at Nagoya University before receiving a doctorate in biophysics from Kyoto University in 1973. After attaining his Ph.D., Dr. Takeichi took a research fellowship at the Carnegie Institute Department of Embryology under Dr. Richard Pagano. He then returned to Kyoto University, attaining a full professorship in the Department of Biophysics (1986-1999), before becoming professor in the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology in the Graduate School of Biostudies at the same university. He assumed his current positions at the CDB in 2000.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

Asahi Award, The Asahi Shimbun Company, 1994

Uehara Prize, 1996

Japan Academy Prize, 1996

Membership of the Japan Academy, 2000

Ross Harrison Prize (International Society of Developmental Biologists), 2001

Keio Medical Science Prize, 2001

Foreign honorary member of American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2004

Person of Cultural Merits, 2004

Japan Prize, 2005

Foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007

Associate member of EMBO, 2009

Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate, 2012

A list of selected Publications

(1) Takeichi, M. (1977) Functional correlation between cell adhesive properties and some cell surface proteins. J. Cell Biol. 75, 464-474.

(2) Yoshida, N. and Takeichi, M. (1982) Teratocarcinoma cell adhesion: Identification of a cell surface protein involved in calcium-dependent cell aggregation. Cell 28, 217-224.

(3) Yoshida-Noro, C., Suzuki, N. and Takeichi, M. (1984) Molecular nature of the calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion system in mouse teratocarcinoma and embryonic cells studied with a monoclonal antibody. Develop. Biol. 101, 19-27.

(4) Hatta, K. and Takeichi, M. (1986) Expression of N-cadherin adhesion molecules associated with early morphogenetic events in chicken embryos. Nature 320, 447-449.

(5) Shirayoshi, Y., Hatta, K., Hosoda, M., Tsunasawa, S., Sakiyama, F. and Takeichi, M. (1986) Cadherin cell adhesion molecules with distinct binding specificities share a common structure. EMBO J. 5, 2485-2488.

(6) Nagafuchi, A., Shirayoshi, Y., Okazaki, K., Yasuda, K. and Takeichi, M. (1987) Transformation of cell adhesion properties by exogenously introduced E-cadherin cDNA. Nature 329, 341-343.

(7) Nose, A., Nagafuchi, A. and Takeichi, M. (1988) Expressed recombinant cadherins mediate cell sorting in model systems. Cell 54, 993-1001.

(8) Hirano, S., Kimoto, N., Shimoyama, Y., Hirohashi, S. and Takeichi, M. (1992) Identification of a neural-catenin as a key regulator of cadherin function and multicellular organization. Cell 70, 293-301.

(9) Oda, H., Uemura, T., Harada, Y., Iwai, Y. and Takeichi, M. (1994) A Drosophila homolog of cadherin associated with Armadillo and essential for embryonic cell-cell adhesion. Develop. Biol., 165, 716-726.

(10) Uchida, N., Honjo, Y., Johnson, K.R., Wheelock, M.J. and Takeichi, M. (1996) The catenin/cadherin adhesion system is localized in synaptic junctions, bordering the active zone. J. Cell Biol. 135, 767-779.

(11) Usui, T., Shima, Y., Shimada, Y., Hirano, S., Burgess, R.W., Schwarz, T.L., Takeichi, M., and Uemura, T. (1999) Flamingo, a seven-pass transmembrane cadherin, regulates planar cell polarity under the control of Frizzled. Cell 98, 585-595.

(12) Abe, K., Chisaka, O., van Roy, F., and Takeichi, M. (2004) Stability of dendritic spines and synaptic contacts is controlled by N-catenin. Nature Neuroscience 7, 357-363

(13) Meng, W., Mushika, Y., Ichii, T., and Takeichi, M. (2008) Anchorage of microtubule minus-ends to adherens junctions regulates epithelial cell-cell contacts. Cell 135, 948-959

(14) Nishimura, Y., Honda, and Takeichi. M. (2012) Planar cell polarity links axes of spatial dynamics in neural tube closure. Cell 25, 1084-1097.

Ronald M. Evans

Ronald M. Evans

Professor, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Title of Presentation

“Nuclear Receptors and Exercise Mimetics: A Roadmap to Human Health”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Due to high fat, high caloric diets along with an increasingly sedentary life style, the diabetes and obesity has become a global epidemic. In 2014, more than 100 million people within the United States and 500 million world-wide, were either diabetic or pre-diabetic such that obesity is now classified as a pandemic disease. The cascade of complications of ‘diabesity’ include blindness, kidney failure, stroke, cancer, heart disease, neuropathy, loss of limbs, infertility, and death. Because of this medical cascade, Type II diabetes will soon become the most costly component of the health care budget.

Physical inactivity is now recognized as a major health hazard and is responsible, in part, for many life-style disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. How can we over-come this challenge? Molecular genetic analysis of running endurance has allowed us to develop a new class of drugs known as ‘exercise mimetics.’ Indeed, one of the great dreams of medical science is a pill that delivers fitness–especially for completely sedentary people such as those in the hospital, wheel chairs, amuptees and the frail. Exercise pills are engineered to trigger fitness by targeting a nuclear hormone receptor called PPARdelta as well as the metabolic enzyme AMP kinase. Drugs to each of these targets reprogram muscle genes to burn more sugar and fat, promoting body wide health in a fashion similar to true exercise. Though still in clinical trials, endurance atheletes quickly began using them (illegally) as performance enhancing drugs. Some of their many potential uses for patients would be for the treatment of muscular dystrophy, obesity, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). IF an exercise pill was available, would you take it?

“Nuclear Receptors and Metabolism: From Feast to Famine”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Survival requires the ability to adapt to cycles of feast and famine, yet the underlying mechanisms to maintain metabolic balance during extremes of nutrient excess remain poorly understood. As part of a screen to identify genes that respond to feast and famine cues, we discovered that the classic growth factor FGF1 is induced in white adipose tissue (WAT) in response to high-fat-diet (HFD) and repressed during a fast, pointing to an unexpected metabolic function. Thus, FGF1 participates in both fed-state and fasted-state responses. In WAT, FGF1 is induced by HFD through a PPAR-gamma dependent mechanism and thus is also responsive to PPARg drugs such as Actos and Avandia. In contrast, on HFD, FGF1 knockout mice develop an aggressive diabetic phenotype, with adipose progressively becoming inflamed, fibrotic and necrotic and simply unable to adapt to nutrient stress.

As loss of FGF1 by knockout results in a diabetic phenotype, we speculated that increasing FGF1 levels by direct injection in diabetic mice, could potentially lower glucose. As a proteoglycan binding protein, endogenous FGF1 are locally restricted. Published studies with injected FGF1 show very rapid clearance and no known physiologic effect. Nonetheless, when we ‘endocrinize’ FGF1 by simple injection into the body of obese diabetic mice, potent glucose lowering effects are found. Thus, more that 30 years after its discovery as a growth factor, ‘endocrinization’ of FGF-1in a diabetic mouse, uncovers a potent yet hidden insulin sensitizing activity with great potential as a new therapy in the treatment of metabolic disease.

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Evans is known for his work on nuclear receptors and the mechanism of hormone signaling. His cloning of the genes encoding the receptors for steroid, retinoid and thyroid hormones, revealed the evolutionary conservation of all nuclear hormone receptors. These hormone-receptor combinations help to control sugar, salt, calcium and fat metabolism as well as reproductive physiology. In addition, these receptors are primary targets in the treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer and leukemia, as well as osteoporosis, inflammation and asthma.

Evans’ initial isolation of steroid receptors led to the surprising discovery of a class of related proteins termed ‘orphan receptors’ whose characterization revealed the existence of previously unknown signaling pathways for cholesterol, bile acids and fatty acids, fundamentally changing our views of both physiology and the treatment of disease.

Evans is a Professor in the Gene Expression Laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, and holds the March of Dimes Chair in Developmental and Molecular Biology at the Salk Institute. He is the recipient of the Albert Lasker Award (2004), the Wolfe Prize, Israel (2012) and a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

Honors and Awards:

2014   Honorary Degree, University of Groningen, Netherlands

2013   Distinguished Leader in Insulin Resistance Award, World Congress in Insulin Resistance, Diabetes & Cardiovascular Disease

2013   Inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award, Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation

2013   Dale Medal, Society for Endocrinology, UK

2012   Wolf Prize in Medicine, Wolf Foundation, Israel

2011   The Ellison Medical Foundation – Senior Scholar in Aging

2011   Rolf Sammet Guest Professorship Award, Goethe University, Frankfurt

2010   Heart Failure Association of America Award

2009   Ernst Knobil Award, UTHSCH

2009   Honorary Degree, Albany Medical College

2009   Honorary Degree, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine

2008   Endocrine Regulation Prize, IPSEN Foundation

2007   Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research

2006   Harvey Prize, Technion University, Israel

2006   BIOCOM Life Sciences Heritage Award

2006   Gairdner Foundation International Award

2005   “Grande Medaille d’Or” of the French Academy of Sciences

2005   Glen T. Seaborg Medal, UCLA

2004   Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Awar

2004   Simon M. Shubitz Cancer Prize and Lectureship, The University of Chicago

2003   Institute of Medicine of the National Academies

2003   Keio Medical Science Prize

2003   General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Medal

2003   March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology

2002   City of Medicine Award, Duke University

2000   1st Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achieve. in Metab. Research

1999   Fred Conrad Koch Award, The Endocrine Society

1997   Gerald Aurbach Memorial Award, Association for Bone & Mineral Research

1997   American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow

1996   Morton Lecture and Award, Biochemical Society, Univ. of Liverpool

1994   Dickson Prize in Medicine 1994-95, University of Pittsburgh

1994   California Scientist of the Year, 1994, California Museum of Science and Industry and the California Museum Foundation

1994   Transatlantic Medal Society for Endocrinology

1993   Edwin B. Astwood Lectureship Award, The Endocrine Society

1993   Fellow, The American Academy of Microbiology

1993   Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Award for Cancer Research

1992   Osborne and Mendel Award, American Institute of Nutrition

1991   Rita Levi Montalcini Award, Fidia Research Foundation Neuroscience

1991   Gregory Pincus Memorial Award, Worcester Found. for Experimental Biology

1990   Eleventh C.P. Rhoads Memorial Award, American Assoc. for Cancer Research

1989   Van Meter/Rorer Pharmaceuticals Prize, American Thyroid Association

1989   National Academy of Sciences, Member

1988   The Louis S. Goodman and Alfred Gilman Award by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

1988   Gregory Pincus Medal, Laurentian Society

1975-78   National Institutes of Health, Fellowship

1975   Cancer Research Comm. of California, Research Associate Fellowship

1974   University of California Alumni, Award for Academic Distinction

Keynote Address:

2013   11th Annual World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes & Cardiovascular Disease, Los Angeles

2013   XXI ISHR World Congress, International Society for Heart Research, San Diego

2012   UKC2012, US-Korea conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, Los Angeles

2011   NCI Staff Scientist/Staff Clinician Retreat Keynote, Bethesda, MD

2011   Yale University Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Symposium, Yale University

2011   UCSD Chronobiology Symposium – From Cells to the Clinic, San Diego, CA

2010   Aurbach Distinguished Lecture

2010   Distinguished Visiting Professor, Johns Hopkins

2010   9th International Congress on the Future of Breast Cancer, La Jolla, CA

2010   Inaugural Herbert Carter Lecture, University of Illinois

2009   Commencement Address, Albany Medical College

2009   Commencement Address, SUNY Buffalo School of Med., Biomedical Sciences

2009   New Frontiers in Skeletal Research: Bone, Fat and Brain Connections, ASBMR

2009   Symposium on Cancer Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center

2008   Inaugural Endocrine Research Showcase, Rutgers University

2007   Inaugural John Mendelsohn Visiting Professor in Cancer Medicine

2006   American Thyroid Association

2006   4th Annual COPP Lecture, University of British Columbia

2006   FASEB Summer Research Conference on Retinoids

2005   Frontiers of Clinical Investigation Symposium

2004   UCLA Department of Medicine Div. of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center (DERC)Gala

2004   3rd International Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery World Summit

2004   Gordon Research Conference on Lipoprotein Metabolism

2002   2nd International Nuclear Receptor Meeting, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. and Osaka Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.

2002   21st Symposium in Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University

2002   FASEB Summer Research Conference on Mechanisms of Liver Growth, Differentiation, and Molecular Pathogenesis of Hepatic Diseases

2002   XV Int’l. Ecdysone Workshop, Crete

2001   Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Inaugural Symposium

2001   American Heart Association, North American Vascular Biology Organization and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

1999   Keystone Symposia on Inflammatory Paradigms and the Vasculature

1998   Dorcas Cummings Memorial Lecture, Cold Spring Harbor Symp on Transcription

1998   Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology of Gene Therapy

1991   Third Annual Usha Mahajani Symposium on Molecular Medicin

A list of selected Publications

Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA.
Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM. Nature. 1985 Dec 19-1986 Jan 1;318(6047):635-41. PMID: 2867473

The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Weinberger C, Thompson CC, Ong ES, Lebo R, Gruol DJ, Evans RM. Nature. 1986 Dec 18-31;324(6098):641-6. PMID: 2879243

Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Giguere V, Ong ES, Segui P, Evans RM. Nature. 1987 Dec 17-23;330(6149):624-9. PMID: 2825036

The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Evans RM. Science. 1988 May 13;240(4854):889-95. Review. PMID: 3283939.

Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway. Mangelsdorf DJ, Ong ES, Dyck JA, Evans RM. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):224-9. PMID: 2159111

9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor. Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Dyck JA, Stein RB, Eichele G, Evans RM, Thaller C. Cell. 1992 68: 397-406, 1992 PMID: 1310260

Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats. Rastinejad F, Perlmann T, Evans RM, Sigler PB. Nature. 1995 May 18;375(6528):203-11. PMID: 7746322

LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, Evans RM, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Genes Dev. 1995 May 1;9(9):1033-45. PMID: 7744246

15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma. Forman BM, Tontonoz P, Chen J, Brun RP, Spiegelman BM, Evans RM. Cell. 1995 Dec 1;83(5):803-12. PMID: 8521497

Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity.
Wang YX, Lee CH, Tiep S, Yu RT, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM. Cell. 2003 Apr 18;113(2):159-70. PMID: 12705865

AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics. Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang YX, Banayo E, Mihaylova MM, Nelson MC, Zou Y, Juguilon H, Kang H, Shaw RJ, Evans RM. Cell. 2008 Aug 8;134(3):405-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051. Epub 2008 Jul 31. PMID: 1867480

Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor. Lamia KA, Papp SJ, Yu RT, Barish GD, Uhlenhaut NH, Jonker JW, Downes M, Evans RM. Nature. 2011 Dec 14;480(7378):552-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10700. PMID: 22170608

A PPARγ-FGF1 axis is required for adaptive adipose remodelling and metabolic homeostasis. Jonker JW, Suh JM, Atkins AR, Ahmadian M, Li P, Whyte J, He M, Juguilon H, Yin YQ, Phillips CT, Yu RT, Olefsky JM, Henry RR, Downes M, Evans RM. Nature. 2012 May 17;485(7398):391-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10998. PMID: 22522926

Robert A. Weinberg

Robert A. Weinberg

Founding Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Professor, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Title of Presentation

“How Cancer Spreads”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

We have learned much about how primary tumors are formed through research that has been conducted over the past three decades. However, a crucial part of this picture has been missing, in particular the depiction of how cancer cells spread from the site of initial tumor formation to distant tissues throughout the body. This is particularly unfortunate, in that the metastatic growths formed by disseminating cancer cells are responsible for about 90% of cancer-associated mortality. Over the past 6-8 years, a variety of studies from diverse research areas including developmental biology have revealed that carcinoma cells acquire malignant properties by activating a cell-biological program termed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or simply EMT. The EMT plays critical roles in the development of the normal embryo. Carcinoma cells will activate this previously silent program, which then empowers them to invade and metastasize. In addition, this EMT program can confer on cancer cells a tumor-initiating ability, that is, the ability to seed new tumor colonies at distant sites in the body, which is also critical for metastasis formation.

“Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition confers on both normal and neoplastic cancer cells an enhanced ability to move and, in the case of cancer cells, to actively invade. Moreover, some evidence indicates that activation of an EMT program in already-formed primary carcinoma cells is sufficient to enable such cells to disseminate from primary tumors to sites of distant metastasis. The mechanisms that are responsible for the activation of this program can be traced largely to heterotypic signals that the carcinoma cells receive from the adjacent recruited stroma, which carries both mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages, both of which respond to carcinoma cells by releasing reciprocally paracrine signals that either provoke or maintain expression of the EMT program. Among the other consequences of the EMT program, carcinoma cells may become poised to enter into the cancer stem cell (CSC) state, which confers on them tumor-initiating ability — a function that is crucial to the successful initiation of metastases. Recent work indicates that non-CSCs within tumors can enter into a CSC state, and that this ability to dedifferentiate differs in different types of primary carcinoma cells. Our recent research indicates that this CSC-forming ability, at least in the case of human breast cancers, may serve as an important determinant of future clinical behavior. The EMT program also appears to operate after carcinoma cells have disseminated and extravasated. Hence, this program operates at multiple stages of the invasion-metastasis cascade to drive carcinoma cells to form the growths that threaten the lives of many cancer patients.

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An internationally recognized authority on the genetic basis of human cancer, Dr. Robert A. Weinberg is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is also the first Director of the Ludwig Cancer Center at MIT.

Over the past three decades, Dr. Weinberg has made breakthrough discoveries in the molecular and genetic roots of cancers. His lab discovered the first oncogene in 1982 and the first tumor suppressor gene in 1986. Most recently, Dr. Weinberg and his collogues were the first to define the genetic rules that must be followed in order for a normal human cell to be transformed into a human cancer cell.

Dr. Weinberg’s lab is primarily concerned with how oncogenes, their normal counterparts (proto-oncogenes), and tumor suppressor genes fit together in the complex circuitry that controls cell growth. His lab recently succeeded in creating the first genetically defined human cancer cells. Dr. Weinberg is particularly interested in applying this knowledge to improve the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. At present his lab seeks to understand how a malicious population of tumor cells, called cancer stem cells, develop their metastatic powers and what biological conditions are required to eliminate them.

Author or editor of six books and more than 400 articles, Dr. Weinberg is best known for his comprehensive cancer textbook, “The Biology of Cancer” 2nd edition. His other books, intended for a lay audience, are “One Renegade Cell”, “Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer” and “Genes and the Biology of Cancer,” co-authored with Dr. Harold E. Varmus, former Director of the National Institutes of Health.

Dr. Weinberg is an elected Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a Member of the American Philosophical Society and the Institute of Medicine. He has received the National Medal of Science (1997), the Wolf Prize in Medicine (2007), the Otto Warburg Medal (2007), and the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2013).

Details of selected Awards and Honors

Discover Magazine Scientist of the Year, 1982

Warren Triennial Prize, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1983

Robert Koch Medal, Robert Koch Foundation, Germany, 1983

Hammer Cancer Foundation Award, 1984

National Academy of Sciences, U. S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology, 1984

Bristol-Myers Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, 1984

Ph.D., honoris causa, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 1984

Antonio Feltrinelli Prize, Academia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 1984

Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1985

Sloan Prize, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, 1987

Ph.D., honoris causa, State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1988

Sc.D., honoris causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, 1989

Gairdner Foundation International Awards for Achievements in Medical Science, 1992

Charles Rodolphe Brupbacher Prize, 1995

G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer Research, 1996

Max Delbrück Medal of the Max-Delbrück Center, Berlin, 1996

Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation, 1997

U.S. National Medal of Science, 1997

Keio Medical Science Foundation Prize, 1997

Killian Faculty Achievement Award, 1999

The Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and the Arts, Berlin, 1999

Institute of Medicine, 2000

Wolf Foundation Prize, 2004

Prince of Asturias Science Award, Spain 2004

American Association for Cancer Research Landon Prize, 2006

Warren Alpert Prize, Harvard Medical School, 2007

MD. honoris causa, University of Uppsala, Sweden, 2007

InBev-Baillet Latour Health Prize, 2008

Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Jill Rose Award, 2008

Ph.D. honoris causa, Université Paris Descartes, 2008

ScD. honoris causa, Tufts University, 2009

La Grande Medaille, Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, 2009

MD. honoris causa, Helsinki University, 2010

Breakthrough Prize for Biomedical Research, 2013

A list of selected Publications

1. Shih, C., Shilo, B., Goldfarb, M.P., Dannenberg, A., and Weinberg, R.A. (1979) Passage of Phenotypes of Chemically Transformed Cells via Transfection of DNA and Chromatin. Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci., USA, 76: 5714-5718.

2. Shih, C., Padhy, L.C., Murray, M., and Weinberg, R.A. (1981) Transforming Genes of Carcinomas and Neuroblastomas Introduced into Mouse Fibroblasts. Nature, 290: 261-264.

3. Shih, C. and Weinberg, R.A. (1982) Isolation of a Transforming Sequence from a Human Bladder Carcinoma Cell Line. Cell, 29: 161-169.

4. Parada, L.F., Tabin, C.J., Shih, C., and Weinberg, R.A. (1982) Human EJ Bladder Carcinoma Oncogene is Homologue of Harvey Sarcoma Virus ras Gene. Nature, 297: 474-478.

5. Tabin, C.J., Bradley, S.M., Bargmann, C.I., Weinberg, R.A., Papageorge, A.G., Scolnick, E.M., Dhar, R., Lowy, D.R., and Chang, E.H. (1982) Mechanism of Activation of a Human Oncogene. Nature, 300: 143-149.

6. Land, H., Parada, L.F., and Weinberg, R.A. (1983) Tumorigenic Conversion of Primary Embryo Fibroblasts Requires at Least Two Cooperating Oncogenes. Nature, 304: 596-602.

7. Friend, S.H., Bernards, R., Rogelj, S., Weinberg, R.A., Rapaport, J.M., Albert, D.M., and Dryja, T.P. (1986) A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature, 323: 643-646.

8. Hahn, W.C., Counter, C.M., Lundberg, A.S., Beijersbergen, R.L., Brooks, M.W., and Weinberg, R.A. (1999) Creation of human tumor cells with defined genetic elements. Nature, 400:464-468.

9. Yang, J., Mani, S.A., Liu Donaher, J., Richardson, A., Ramaswamy, S., Gitelman, I., and Weinberg, R.A. (2004) Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell, 117:927-939.

10. Mani, S.A., Guo, W., Liao, M.J., Eaton, E.N., Ayyanan, A., Zhou, A.Y., Brooks, M., Reinhardt, F., Zhang, C.C., Shipitsin, M., Campbell, L.L., Polyak, K., Brisken, C., Yang, J. and Weinberg, R.A. (2008) The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell, 133:704-715.

Shigekazu Nagata

Shigekazu Nagata

Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University

Title of Presentation

“Exposure of phosphatidylserine, and engulfment of apoptotic cells”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages, and digested in the lysosomes of the macrophages. If this process does not occurs properly, materials released from dead cells activate the immune system, leading to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-type autoimmune disease. Macrophages recognize phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the dead cell surface as an “eat me” signal. We recently identified two membrane proteins (TMEM16F and Xkr8) that are involved in scrambling of phospholipids on plasma membrane, thus exposing PtdSer. TMEM16F carries 8 transmembrane regions, and requires Ca2+ to mediate phospholipid scrambling. It plays an essential role in the PtdSer-exposure in activated platelets for blood clotting, and patients of Scott Syndrome who suffer bleeding disorder carry the loss-of function mutation in TMEM16F gene. Xkr8 is a protein carrying 6 transmembrane regions. Caspase 3 and 7, cysteine proteases that are activated during apoptosis, cleave off the C-terminal tail of Xkr8, and the cleaved Xkr8 promotes the PtdSer-exposure at plasma membrane. Here, I want to discuss how PdtSer is exposed during apoptotic cell death, and how dead cells are engulfed by macrophages.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Education ;

1968- 1972 Undergraduate in the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo,
1972- 1977 Graduate Student, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo.

Research and professional experience ;

1977- 1981 Post-Doctoral Fellow at Institute of Molecular Biology I, Univ.of Zürich
1982- 1987 Assistant Professor at the Institute of Medical Science, Univ. of Tokyo,
1987- 1998 Head, Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute,
1995- 2007 Professor, Department of Genetics, Osaka University Medical School,
2002- 2007 Professor, Integrated Biology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier
Biosciences Osaka University
2007-present Professor Emeritus, Osaka University
2007-present Professor, Department of Medical Chemistry Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University

Editorial Board;

1991- 1994 Editorial Board, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
1992- 2007 Editorial Board, Growth Factors
1994- Receiving Editor, Cell Death and Diff.
1995- Transmitting Editor, Genes to Cells
1996- 2004 Editorial Board, Apoptosis
1997- Transmitting Editor, Int. Immunol.
1998- Editorial Board, Immunity
1998- Editorial Board, Exp. Cell Res.
1999- 2005 Editorial Board, Biochem. Biophys. Acta
2000- 2003 Editorial Board, Science
2000- 2003 Editorial Board, Int. J. Cancer
2001- Editorial Board, Cancer Cell
2002- Section Editor, J. Leuk. Biol.
2008- 2011 Editorial Board, Oncogene
2014- Editorial Board, Mol. Cell. Oncol.
Other professional positions and appointments;
1989-2007 Adjunct Professor, Osaka City University Medical School
1995-present Councilor, Japanese Cancer Association
1997-2000 Councilor, Japanese Molecular Biology Society
1999-2002 Board of Directors, Japanese Society for Immunology
2000-2002 Board of Directors, Japanese Biochemical Society
2000-2004 Review Committee on Biology, in grant for Promotion of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Technology of the Japanese Government
2000-2002 Subcommittee for University Evaluation, National Institute for Academic, Degree of Japan
2001-2002 Scientific Advisory Committee on Biology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Technology of the Japanese Government
2003-present Councilor, Japanese Molecular Biology Society
2004-2005 President, Japanese Biochemical Society
2004-present Board of Directors, Japanese Society of Immunology
2004-2006 Graduate School Subcommittee, University Subdivision, the Central Council for Education, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Technology of the Japanese Government
2005-2006 President, Japanese Biochemical Society
2006-2009 Councils of Scientists, Human Frontier Science Program, Strasbourg, France
2007-2008 President, Japanese Molecular Biology Society
2007-present Committee of Research Grant, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2008-present Council member for Basic Medicine, Science Councils of Japan
Details of selected Awards and Honors

1987   The Encouragement Award, Japan Biochemical Society (Tokyo)

1990   Erwin von Bälz Preis, Boehringer Ingelheim (Tokyo)

1992   The Mochida Memorial Award, Mochida Foundation (Tokyo)

1993   Nikkei BP Prize, Nikkei Press (Tokyo)

1994   Emil Adolf von Behring Prize, Philipps-Universität Marburg (Marburg, Germany)

1995   Robert Koch Award, Koch Foundation (Bonn, Germany)

1995   Osaka Science Prize, Osaka Science Technology Foundation (Osaka)

1996   Boehring-Kitasato Prize, Hoechst Japan, Ltd. (Tokyo)

1997   Le Prix Antoine Lacassagne, French Cancer League (Paris, France)

1997   Mellon Prize, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, USA)

1998   Asahi Prize, Asahi Press Foundation (Tokyo)

1998   Takamatsu Cancer Award, Princess Takamatsu Foundation (Tokyo)

1998   Uehara Prize, Uehara Foundation (Tokyo)

2000   Japan Academy Prize and Imperial Prize, Japan Academy (Tokyo)

2001   Person of Cultural Merit, Japanese Government (Tokyo)

2004   Cell Death Society Prize, International Cell Death Society (Dublin, Ireland)

2010   Associate, The Japan Academy (Tokyo)

2012   Honorary Doctorate, University of Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland)

2012   Tomizo Yoshida Award, Japanese Cancer Association (Tokyo)

2012   Debrecen Award, Debrecen University (Debrecen, Hungary)

2013   Kyoto University Shi-Shi Award, Kyoto Univesity (Kyoto)

2013   Keio Medical Science Prize, Keio University Medical Science Fund (Tokyo)

A list of selected Publications

(1) Nagata, S., Taira, H., Hall, A., Johnsrud, L., Streuli, M., Ecsodi, J., Boll, W., Cantell, K. & Weissmann, C. Synthesis in E. coli of a polypeptide with human leukocyte interferon activity. Nature 284, 316-320, 1980.

(2) Nagata, S., Mantei, N. & Weissmann, C. The structure of one of the eight or more distinct chromosomal genes for human interferon-. Nature 287, 401-408, 1980.

(3) Nagata, S., Tsuchiya, M., Asano, S., Kaziro, Y., Yamazaki, T., Yamamoto, O., Hirata, Y., Kubota, N., Oheda, M., Nomura, H. & Ono, M. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA for human granuloctye colony-stimulating factor. Nature 319, 415-418, 1986.

(4) Fukunaga, R., Ishizaka-Ikeda, E., Seto, Y. & Nagata, S. Expression cloning of a receptor for murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Cell 61, 341-350, 1990.

(5) Itoh, N., Yonehara, S., Ishii, A., Yonehara, M., Mizushima, S., Sameshima, M., Hase, A., Seto, Y. & Nagata, S. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66, 233-243, 1991.

(6) Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Brannan, C.I., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A. & Nagata, S. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356, 314-317, 1992.

(7) Fukunaga, R., Ishizaka-Ikeda, E. & Nagata, S. Growth and differentiation signals mediated by two distinct regions in the cytoplasmic domain of G-CSF receptor. Cell 74, 1079-1087, 1993.

(8) Ogasawara, J., Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Adachi, M., Matsuzawa, A., Kasugai, T., Kitamura, Y., Itoh, N., Suda, T. & Nagata, S. Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364, 806-809, 1993.

(9) Suda, T., Takahashi, T., Golstein, P. & Nagata, S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand: a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75, 1169-1178, 1993.

(10) Takahashi, T., Tanaka, M., Brannan, C.I., Jenkins, N.A., Copeland, N.G., Suda, T. & Nagata, S. Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76, 969-976, 1994.

(11) Enari, M., Hug, H. & Nagata, S. Involvement of an ICE-like protease in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature 375, 78-81, 1995.

(12) Nagata, S. & Golstein, P. The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456, 1995.

(13) Enari, M., Talanian, R.V., Wong, W.W. & Nagata, S. Sequential activation of ICE-like and CPP32-like proteases during Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nature 380, 723-726, 1996.

(14) Nagata, S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 88, 355-365, 1997.

(15) Enari, M., Sakahira, H., Yokoyama, H., Okawa, K., Iwamatsu, A. & Nagata, S. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 391, 43-50, 1998.

(16) Sakahira, H., Enari, M. & Nagata, S. Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature 391, 96-99, 1998.

(17) Kawane, K., Fukuyama, H., Kondoh, G., Takeda, J., Ohsawa, Y., Uchiyama, Y. & Nagata, S. Requirement of DNase II for definitive erythropoiesis in the mouse fetal liver. Science 292, 1546-1549, 2001.

(18) Hanayama, R., Tanaka, M., Miwa, K., Shinohara, A., Iwamatsu, A. & Nagata, S. Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes. Nature 417, 182-187, 2002.

(19) Nishimoto, S., Kawane, K., Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Fukuyama, H., Ohsawa, Y., Uchiyama, Y., Hashida, N., Ohguro, N., Tano, Y., Morimoto, T., Fukuda, Y. & Nagata, S. Nuclear cataract caused by a lack of DNA degradation in the mouse eye lens. Nature 424, 1071-1074, 2003.

(20) Hanayama, R., Tanaka, M., Miyasaka, K., Aozasa, K., Koike, M., Uchiyama, Y. & Nagata, S. Autoimmune disease and impaired uptake of apoptotic cells in germinal centers of MFG-E8-deficient mice. Science 304, 1147-1150, 2004.

(21) Yoshida, H., Kawane, K., Koike, M., Mori, Y., Uchiyama, Y. & Nagata, S. Phosphatidylserine- dependent engulfment by macrophages of nuclei from erythroid precursor cells. Nature 437, 754-758, 2005

(22) Kawane, K., Ohtani, M., Miwa, K., Kizawa, T., Kanbara, Y., Yoshioka, Y., Yoshikawa, H., and Nagata, S.: Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages. Nature 443, 998-1002, 2006

(23) Miyanishi, M., Tada, K., Koike, M., Uchiyama, Y., Kitamura, T., and Nagata, S.: Identification of Tim-4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor. Nature 450: 435-439, 2007

(24) Kitano, M., Nakaya, M., Nakamura, T., Nagata, S. & Matsuda, M.: Imaging of Rab5 activity identifies essential regulators for phagosome maturation. Nature 453: 241-245, 2008

(25) Okabe, Y., Sano, T. & Nagata, S.: Regulation of the innate immune response by threonine phosphatase of Eyes absent. Nature 460: 520-524, 2009

(26) Nagata, S., Hanayama, R. & Kawane, K.: Autoimmunity and the Clearance of Dead Cells. Cell 140: 619-630, 2010

(27) Suzuki, J., Umeda, M., Sims JP. & Nagata, S.: Calcium-dependent phospholipid scrambling by TMEM16F. Nature 468: 834-838, 2010

(28) Suzuki, J., Denning, DP., Imanishi, E., Horvitz, HR. & Nagata, S.: Xk-related protein 8 and CED-8 promote phosphatidylserine exposure in apoptotic cells. Science 341: 403-406, 2013

Kayo Inaba

Kayo Inaba

Vice-President, Kyoto University
Professor, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University

Title of Presentation

“Initiation and Regulation of Immune responses by Dendritic Cells”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a member of leukocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells and are known to play essential roles in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. They distribute not only in the body surface, such as the skin and various mucosal tissues, but also lymphoid as well as nonlymphoid organs. DCs patrol to find infectious and noninfectious agents in periphery and transport antigenic information to the draining lymphoid organs, where antigen specific lymphocytes are activated or inactivated by DCs. Crucial roles of antigen presenting cells in the induction of immune response were first revealed as adherent cells in spleen cell suspension at the time when in vitro culture system was established. In the beginning, macrophages were believed to be a responsible cell type, because of abundance in the body. Even after discovering DCs by Ralph Steinman, most of researchers in the immunology field were skeptical to accept the idea that DCs capture and process antigens for presentation. However, development of cell and molecular biology along with development of new methods and the increase in knowledge on immunological phenomena have cleared and solve such queries, issues and controversial points. The important steps for appreciation of DC functions in immunology are 1) the understanding of DC maturation, 2) the recognition of DC potency to evoke specific immune responses not only in vitro but also in situ, and 3) establishment of a method to generate a large number of DCs from precursor cells.

I will overview advancement of DC researches in the histological aspects and discuss present and future subjects in clinical therapy as well as basic researches.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Education

1969-1973 B.S. Nara Women’s University, Japan
1973-1975 M.S. Kyoto University, Japan (Immunology: Zoology)
1975-1978 Ph.D. Kyoto University, Japan (Immunology: Zoology)

Positions held

1978-1989 Instructor of Kyoto University
1982-1984 Visiting Assistant Professor, The Rockefeller University
1989-2000 Visiting Associate Professor, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
1992-1999 Associate Professor of Kyoto University
1999-present Professor of Kyoto University
2000-present Visiting Professor, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
2002-2004 Dean of Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
2007-present Director of the Center for Women Researchers in Kyoto University
2009-2012 Assistant to the vice president (general affairs) of Kyoto University
2009-present Vice-chairperson of ‘Promotion for Gender Equality” of Kyoto University
Details of selected Awards and Honors

L’Oreal-UNESCO award for women in science 2014

A list of selected Publications

Inaba, K; Metray, JP; Crowley, MT; Steinman, RM (1990) Dendritic cells pulsed with protein antigens in vitro can prime antigen-specific, MHC-restricted T cells in situ. J. Exp. Med. 172 (2): 631-640.

Inaba, K; Inaba, M; Romani, N; Aya, H; Deguchi, M; Ikehara, S; Muramatsu, S; Steinman, RM (1992) Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone-marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 176 (6): 1693-1702.

Inaba, K; Witmer-Pack, M; Inaba, M; Hathcock, KS; Sakuta, H; Azuma, M; Yagita, H; Okumura, K; Linsley, PS; Ikehara, S; Muramatsu, S; Hodes, RJ; Steinman, RM (1994) The Tissue distribution of the B7-2 costimulator in mice – abundant expression of dendritic cells in situ and during maturation in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 180 (5): 1849-1860.

Inaba, K; Pack, M; Inaba, M; Sakuta, H; Isdell, F; Steinman, RM (1997) High levels of a major histocompatibility complex II self peptide complex on dendritic cells from the T cell areas of lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 186 (5): 665-672.

Inaba, K; Turley, S; Yamaide, F; Iyoda, T; Mahnke, K; Inaba, M; Pack, M; Subklewe, M; Sauter, B; Sheff, D; Albert, M; Bhardwaj, N; Mellman, I; Steinman, RM (1998) Efficient presentation of phagocytosed cellular fragments on the major histocompatibility complex class II products of dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 188 (11): 2163-2173.

Hawiger, D; Inaba, K; Dorsett, Y; Guo, M; Mahnke, K; Rivera, M; Ravetch, JV; Steinman, RM; Nussenzweig, MC (2001) Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 194 (6): 769-779.

yoda, T; Shimoyama, S; Liu, K; Omatsu, Y; Akiyama, Y; Maeda, Y; Takahara, K; Steinman, RM; Inaba, K (2002) The CD8+ dendritic cell subset selectively endocytoses dying cells in culture and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 195 (10): 1289-1302.

Yamazaki, S; Iyoda, T; Tarbell, K; Olson, K; Velinzon, K; Inaba, K; Steinman, RM (2003) Direct expansion of functional CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells by antigen-processing dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 198 (2): 235-247.

Nagaoka, K; Takahara, K; Yoshida, H; Steinman, RM; Saitoh, S; Akashi-Takamura, S; Miyake, K; Kang, YS; Park, CG; Inaba, K (2005) Association of SIGNR1 with TLR4-MD-2 enhances signal transduction by recognition of LPS in gram-negative bacteria. Int. Immunol. 17 (7): 827-836.

Onai, N; Kurabayashi, K; Hosoi-Amaike, M; Inaba, K; Ohteki, T (2013) A clonogenic progenitor with prominent plasmacytoid dendritic cell developmental potential. Immunity, 38(5):943-957.

Inaba, K (2012) A tribute to Ralph M. Steinman. Int. Immunol. 24 (1): 1-3.

Shizuo Akira

Shizuo Akira

Director and Professor, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University

Title of Presentation

“Regnase-1, a ribonuclease involved in the control of immune responses”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Immune responses are accompanied by dynamic changes in gene expression. Gene expression is controlled at multiple points, including signal transduction, transcription and mRNA stability. So far, transcriptional regulation has been extensively studied. Many transcription factors including NF-B and AP-1 are involved in induction of the genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses. However, recent studies have revealed that control of gene expression at the mRNA level is as important as transcriptional control in the immune response. Gene expression profiles obtained from human Jurkat T cells stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin revealed that regulation of mRNA stability may account for as much as 50% of all measurements of changes in total cellular polyA mRNA. We have recently identified a novel gene named Zc3h12a which has a CCCH-type zinc finger domain. The knockout mice developed spontaneous autoimmune diseases accompanied by splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Subsequent studies showed that Zc3h12a is a nuclease involved in destabilization of IL-6 and IL-12mRNA via the stem loop structure present in the 3’UTR of these genes. We renamed it Regulatory RNase-1 (Regnase-1) based on the function. I would like to discuss the role of Regnase-1 in the immune response.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Education:

1977 M.D. Osaka University, School of Medicine
1977-1978 Clinical Training at Osaka University Hospital
1980-1984 Ph.D. Osaka University, School of Medicine

Positions Held:

1978-1980 Physician in the Department of Internal Medicine, Sakai Municipal Hospital, Sakai, Osaka
1984-1985 Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University
1985-1987 Research Fellow in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, California University, Berkeley
1987-1995 Research Associate in the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University
1995 Associate Professor in the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University
1996-1999 Professor of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine
1996-2002 Research Head in CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) and SORST (Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
1999-present Professor of Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
2002-2007 Project Director of AKIRA Innate Immunity, ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
2007-present Director, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University
2013.7-present Distinguished Professor, Osaka University (-2016.6)
Details of selected Awards and Honors

2001   Inoue Prize for Science (Inoue Foundation of Science)

2001   The Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Award for Medical Sciences

2002   Osaka Science Prize (Osaka Science & Technology)

2003   Takeda Prize for Medical Science (Takeda Science Foundation)

2004   The Prize of Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund

2004   Robert Koch Prize (Robert Koch Foundation, Germany)

2005   Medal with Purple Ribbon (Japanese Cabinet Office)

2006   Asahi Prize (Asahi Shinbun)

2006   2004-2005 “Hottest Researcher” (Thomson Scientific)

2006   William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in BasicImmunology (Cancer Research Institute, USA)

2007   Uehara Prize (Uehara Memorial Foundation)

2007   2005-2006 “Hottest Researcher” (Thomson Scientific)

2007   Imperial Prize and Japan Academy Prize (Japan Academy)

2007   Milstein Award (International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research)

2007   Thomson Research Front Award (Thomson Scientific)

2009   National Academy of Sciences of USA, Foreign Associate

2009   Person of Cultural Merit (Japanese Government)

2010   Keio International Medical Science Prize (Keio University)

2010   Avery-Landsteiner Prize (German Society for Immunology)

2010   EMBO Associate Member

2010   The 2011 Canada Gairdner International Award

A list of selected Publications

1)Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K. and Akira, S. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature, 408:740-745, 2000

2)Yamamoto, M., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Sanjo, H., Uematsu, S., Kaisho, T., Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Kobayashi, M., Fujita, T., Takeda, K. and Akira, S. Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature. 420:324-329, 2002.

3)Yamamoto, M., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K., Kaisho, T., Sanjo, H.,
Takeuchi, O., Sugiyama, M., Okabe, M., Takeda, K. and Akira, S. Role of
adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
Science 301:640-643, 2003.

4)Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, S., Uematsu, S., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K.,
Kaisho, T., Kuwata, H., Takeuchi, O., Takeshige, K., Saitoh, T., Yamaoka, S.,
Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, S., Muta, T., Takeda, K. and Akira, S. Regulation
of Toll/IL-1-receptor-mediated gene expression by the inducible nuclear protein
IkBzeta. Nature 430: 218-222, 2004.

5)Akira, S., Uematsu, S. and Takeuchi, O. Pathogen recognition and innate
immunity. Cell. 24: 783-801, 2006.

6)Kato, H., Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Yoneyama, M., Yamamoto, M., Matsui, K.,
Uematsu, S., Jung, A., Kawai, T., Ishii, K.J., Yamaguchi, O., Otsu, K., Tsujimura,
T., Koh, C.S., Reis e Sousa, C., Matsuura, Y., Fujita, T. and Akira, S.
Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses.
Nature. 441: 101-105, 2006.

7)Saitoh T, Fujita N, Jang MH, Uematsu S, Yang BG, Satoh T, Omori H, Noda T,
Yamamoto N, Komatsu M, Tanaka K, Kawai T, Tsujimura T, Takeuchi O,
Yoshimori T, Akira S.
Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta
production. Nature. ;456:264-268, 2008

8)Ishii KJ, Kawagoe T, Koyama S, Matsui K, Kumar H, Kawai T, Uematsu S,
Takeuchi O, Takeshita F, Coban C, Akira S.
TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to
DNA vaccines. Nature.451:725-729, 2008.

9)Matsushita K, Takeuchi O, Standley DM, Kumagai Y, Kawagoe T, Miyake T,
Satoh T, Kato H, Tsujimura T, Nakamura H, Akira S.
Zc3h12a is an RNase essential for controlling immune responses by regulating
mRNA decay.
Nature. 458:1185-1190, 2009.

10)Satoh T, Takeuchi O, Vandenbon A, Yasuda K, Tanaka Y, Kumagai Y,
Miyake T, Matsushita K, Okazaki T, Saitoh T, Honma K, Matsuyama T, Yui K,
Tsujimura T, Standley DM, Nakanishi K, Nakai K, Akira S.
The Jmjd3-Irf4 axis regulates M2 macrophage polarization and host responses
against helminth infection.
Nat Immunol. 11:936-944, 2010.

11)Iwasaki H, Takeuchi O, Teraguchi S, Matsushita K, Uehata T, Kuniyoshi K, Satoh T, Saitoh T, Matsushita M, Standley DM, Akira S.
The IκB kinase complex regulates the stability of cytokine-encoding mRNA induced by TLR-IL-1R by controlling degradation of regnase-1.
Nat Immunol. 12:1167-1175, 2011.

12)Satoh T, Kidoya H, Naito H, Yamamoto M, Takemura N, Nakagawa K, Yoshioka Y, Morii E, Takakura N, Takeuchi O, Akira S.
Critical role of Trib1 in differentiation of tissue-resident M2-like macrophages.
Nature. 495:524-528, 2013.

13)Misawa T, Takahama M, Kozaki T, LeeH, Zou J, Saitoh T, Akira S.
Microtubule-driven spatial arrangement of mitochondria promotes activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Nat Immunol. 14:454-460, 2013.

14)Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Vandenbon A, Matsushita K, Hernandez-Cuellar E, Kuniyoshi K, Satoh T, Mino T, Suzuki Y, Standley DM, Tsujimura T, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Takeuchi O, Akira, S.
Malt1-induced cleavage of regnase-1 in CD4(+) helper T cells regulates immune activation.
Cell. 153:1036-1049, 2013.

15)Akira S.
Regnase-1, a Ribonuclease Involved in the Regulation of Immune Responses.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. (in press)

Yasushi Miyashita

Yasushi Miyashita

Professor and Chairman of Physiology , Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine

Title of Presentation

“Cognitive Memory System in the Primate: Local Cell-Assemblies and Brain-Wide Cortical Network”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

A brain-wide distributed network orchestrates cognitive memorizing and remembering of explicit memory (i.e., memory of facts and events), and it has been revealed that the primate temporal cortex and frontal cortex implement basic machineries for the internal representation of visual objects and its manipulation. We have previously identified neural correlates of some key elements of this memory system at the single neuron level. The present talk addresses a possibility that this knowledge of single neuron elements can be integrated into a brain-wide network-level understanding through our recent findings on organization and function of local memory-related cell-assemblies. My talk starts from the discovery of single neuron elements of associative memory representation, called “pair-coding neurons” and “pair-recall neurons”. I will then highlight findings related to: (1) Where in the temporal cortex is the mnemonic representation of visual objects localized? And how is it organized? (2) Which neural circuits enable the reactivation of image representations? (3) What is the neural basis of cognitive control in memory retrieval and in meta-memory judgment?

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography
1972 B.S. The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Science
1978 Ph.D. The University of Tokyo School of Medicine
1978-1983 Assistant Professor, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine
1983-1989 University Lecturer, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine
1984-1985 Visiting Lecturer, Oxford University, U.K.
1989-present Professor of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine
1996-2002 Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Science
1996-2013 Professor of Biophysics, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Science
Details of selected Awards and Honors

1992   Tsukahara Prize, Brain Science Foundation.

2000   Uehara Memorial Prize, Uehara Memorial Foundation.

2000   Tokizane Prize, Tokizane Memorial Foundation.

2003   Keio Medical Science Prize, Keio Medical Science Foundation.

2004   Asahi Prize, Asahi Cultural Foundation.

2004   Medal with Purple Ribbon, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.

2007   Japan Academy Award, Japan Academy of Science

2014   Fujiwara Award

A list of selected Publications

Hirabayashi, T., Takeuchi, D., Tamura, K., and Miyashita, Y. :
Microcircuits for hierarchical elaboration of object coding across primate temporal areas. Science 341, 191-195, 2013.

Miyamoto, K., Osada, T., Adachi, Y., Matsui, T., Kimura, H.M., and Miyashita, Y.:
Functional differentiation of memory retrieval network in macaque posterior parietal cortex. Neuron 77, 787-799, 2013.

Hirabayashi, T., Takeuchi, D. and Tamura, K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Functional microcircuit recruited during retrieval of object association memory in monkey perirhinal cortex. Neuron 77, 192-203, 2013.

Takeuchi, D., Hirabayashi, T., Tamura, K., and Miyashita, Y. :
Reversal of interlaminar signal between sensory and memory processing in monkey temporal cortex. Science 331, 1443-1447, 2011.

Kamigaki, T., Fukushima, T., and Miyashita,Y. :
Cognitive set reconfiguration signaled by macaque posterior parietal neurons. Neuron 61, 941-951, 2009.

Matsui, T., Koyano, K.W., Koyama, M., Nakahara, K., Takeda, T., Ohashi, Y., Naya, Y. and Miyashita, Y. :
MRI-based localization of electrophysiological recording sites within the cerebral cortex at single-voxel accuracy. Nature methods 4, 161-168, 2007.

Takeda, M., Naya, Y., Fujimichi, R., Takeuchi, D. and Miyashita, Y. :
Active maintenance of associative mnemonic signal in monkey inferior temporal cortex.
Neuron 48, 839-848, 2005.

Miyashita, Y. :
Cognitive memory: cellular and network machineries and their top-down control.
Science 306, 435-440, 2004.

Koyama, M., Hasegawa, I., Osada, T., Adachi, Y., Nakahara, K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys performing visually guided saccade tasks: comparison of cortical eye fields with humans. Neuron 41, 795-807, 2004.

Ohbayashi, M., Ohki, K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Conversion of working memory to motor sequence in the monkey premotor cortex.
Science 301, 233-236, 2003.

Kikyo, H., Ohki, K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Neural correlates for “feeling-of-knowing”: an fMRI parametric analysis.
Neuron 36, 177-186, 2002.

Nakahara, K., Hayashi, T., Konishi, S. and Miyashita, Y. :
Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task.
Science 295, 1532-1536, 2002.

Naya, Y., Yoshida, M.and Miyashita, Y. :
Backward spreading of memory retrieval signal in the primate temporal cortex.
Science 291, 661-664, 2001.

Tokuyama,W., Okuno,H., Hashimoto, T., Li, Y.X. and Miyashita, Y. :
BDNF upregulation during declarative memory formation in monkey inferior temporal cortex. Nature neuroscience 3, 1134-1142, 2000.

Tomita, H., Ohbayashi, M., Nakahara, K., Hasegawa, I. and Miyashita, Y. :
Top-down signal originating from the prefrontal cortex for memory retrieval.
Nature 401,699-703, 1999.

Hasegawa, I., Fukushima, T., Ihara, T. and Miyashita, Y. :
Callosal window between prefrontal cortices : cognitive interaction to retrieve long-term memory. Science 281, 814-818, 1998.

Konishi, S., Nakajima, K., Uchida, I., Kameyama, M., Nakahara, K., Sekihara K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Transient activation of inferior prefrontal cortex during cognitive set shifting.
Nature neuroscience 1, 80-84, 1998.

Sakai, K. and Miyashita, Y. :
Neural organization for the long-term memory of paired associates.
Nature 354, 152-155, 1991.

Miyashita, Y. :
Neuronal correlate of visual associative long-term memory in the primate temporal cortex. Nature 335, 817-820, 1988.

Miyashita, Y. and Chang, H.S. :
Neuronal correlate of pictorial short-term memory in the primate temporal cortex.
Nature 331, 68-70, 1988.

Toshio Yanagida

Toshio Yanagida

Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University
Director, Riken QBiC (Quantitative Biological Center)
Director, NICT CiNet (Center for Informationl and Neural Networks)

Title of Presentation

“What is a biological principle to control complex systems with extremely low energy consumption and high robustness ?”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Among cells in the human body, those in the brain are the least satiable, consuming a disproportionate amount of energy reaching a magnitude more than the cells of other organs. Yet, compared to other large-scale information processers like computers, we find a much small appetite. The human brain consumes 20 Watts when is at rest according to experimental data of brain temperature measurements using MRI(S). Yet the amount of power increases only 1 Watt when the brain is “on”. In comparison, the super-computer “Kei” in Kobe, one of the world’s fastest in 2012, uses 30,000,000 Watts, or the amount of electric power needed to supply energy about 40,000 houses. Moreover, despite the power demands, computers are inadequate compared to their biological counterparts for certain tasks. In fact, a computer designed to do the tasks of the human brain, according to our estimates, would require the energy generated from more than several hundred millions power plants. Thus, while the brain may be the envy of other parts of the body, it is actually an exceptionally energy-efficient machine when considering the tasks it is assigned. To explain this efficiency, we recently revealed a mechanism that explains how the brain uses noises to function with such relatively low energy consumption. Single-molecule imaging and nanoscience techniques have shown that biomolecules and cells do not filter thermal noise, but rather take advantage of this energy to fulfill their functions. The brain, it has been demonstrated, operates similarly for visual information processing. The result is not only low energy demands compared to artificial machines, but also better robustness. In my talk I will discuss this mechanism, its function in biomolecular machines and the brain taking, and its potential for designing a new generation of robotics and machines.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Education:

1969 Bachelor of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1971 Master of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1976 Doctor of Engineering Science, Osaka University

Academic Appointments:

1974-1987 Associate Researcher, Department of Bionics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1987-1988 AssociateProfessor, Department of Bionics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1988-2010 Professor, Department of Bionics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University
1996-2010 Professor, Department of Physiology and Biosignaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
2002-2004 Dean, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University
2002-2010 Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
2010-present Specially Appointed Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
2011-present Director, Quantitative Biology Center(QBiC), RIKEN
2011-present Program Director, HPCI Program for Computational Life Sciences, RIKEN
2011-present Director, Center for Information and Neural Networks(CiNet),NICT

Research Activities and Memberships

1998-2002 Project Leader, Single Molecule Process Project, ICORP, JST
1992-1997 Project Leader, Yanagida Biomotron Project, ERATO, JST
1994-1997 Editorial Board of Biophysical Journal
2002-2008 Research Director, Formation of Soft Nano-Machines, CREST, JST
2002-2003 President, The Biophysical Society of Japan
2004-2012 Research Supervisor, Novel Measuring and Analytical Technology Contributions to the Elucidation and Application of Life Phenomena, CREST, JST
2004-2006 Vice-Chair of the Council of Scientists, The International Human Frontier Science Program Organization
2006-2010 Member of Council, Biophysical Society
2007-present Vice-Director, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
2008-2011 Program Coordinator, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
2009-2011 Special Advisor for foundation of Systems Biology Center in RIKEN
2011-present Research Consultant, Institute for Molecular Science National Institutes of Science
Details of selected Awards and Honors

1989   7th Osaka Science Award

1990   4th Tsukahara Memorial Award (Brain Science Promotion Foundation)

1992   1st Matsubara Lecture Award (Gordon Conference)

1994   25th Naito Memorial Science Promotion Award (Naito Memorial Promotion Foundation)

1998   The Japan Academy Award, The Imperial Award

1999   Asahi Award (Asahi Newspaper Culture Foundation)

2010   The US Genomic Award for Outstanding Investigator in the Field of Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

2011   Fellow of the US Biophysical Society

2013   Peson of Cultural merit

A list of selected Publications

1.K. Fujita, M. Iwaki, A. H. Iwane, L. Marcucci, T. Yanagida “Switching of myosin-V motion between the lever-arm swing and Brownian search-and-catch”
Nat. Commun.,3:956 (2012)

2.S. Nishikawa, I. Arimoto, K. Ikezaki, M. Sugawa, H. Ueno, T. Komori, A. H Iwane, T. Yanagida. Switch between large hand-over-hand and small inchworm-like steps in myosin VI
Cell 142(6),879-88 (2010)

3.T. Fujii, A. H. Iwane, T. Yanagida, K. Namba. Direct visualization of secondary structures of F-actin by electron cryomicroscopy.
Nature 467(7316),724-8 (2010)

4.M. Iwaki, A. H. Iwane, T. Shimokawa, R. Cooke, T. Yanagida. Brownian search-and-catch mechanism for myosin-VI steps.
Nature Chem. Biol., 5(6), 403-405 (2009)

5.M. Nishikawa, H. Takagi, T. Shibata, A. H. Iwane, T. Yanagida, _Fluctuation Analysis of Mechanochemical Coupling Depending on the Type of Biomolecular Motors.
Phys. Rev. Lett., 101(12), 128103 (2008)

6.Y. Komori, A. Iwane and T.Yanagida: Myosin-V makes two Brownian 90o rotations per 36 nm step.
Nature Str. Mol. Biol. 14(10):968-973 (2007)

7.J. Kozuka, H. Yokota, Y. Arai, Y. Ishii, T. Yanagida, _Dynamic polymorphism of single actin molecules in the actin filament.
Nature Chem. Biology, 2, 83-86 (2006)

8.Y. Taniguchi, M. Nishiyama, Y. Ishii, T. Yanagida. Entropy rectifies the Brownian steps of kinesin.
Nature Chem. Biol., 1, 346-351 (2005)

9.M. Nishiyama, H. Higuchi, T. Yanagida, _Chemomechanical coupling of the ATPase cycle to the forward and backward movements of single kinesin molecules.
Nature Cell Biology, 4, 790-797 (2002)

10.H. Tanaka, K. Homma, A. H. Iwane, E. Katayama, R. Ikebe, J. Saito, T. Yanagida and M. Ikebe: The motor domain determines the large step of myosin-V.
Nature 415, 192-195 (2002)

11.M. Nishiyama, E. Muto, Y. Inoue, T. Yanagida, H. Higuchi, _Substeps within the 8-nm step of the ATPase cycle of single kinesin molecules.
Nature Cell Biology, 3, 425-428 (2001)

12.M. Ueda, Y. Sako, T. Tanaka, P. Devreotes and T. Yanagida: Single molecule analysis of chemotactic signaling in Dictyostelium cells.
Science 294, 864-867 (2001)

13.Y. Sako, S. Minoguchi and T. Yanagida: Single-molecule imaging of EGFR signaling on the surface of living cells.
Nature Cell Biology 2, 168-172 (2000)

14.Y. Sambongi , Y. Iko, M. Tanabe, H. Omote, A. Iwamoto-Kihara, I. Ueda, T. Yanagida, Y. Wada and M. Futai: Mechanical Rotation of the c Subunit Oligomer in the ATP Synthase (FoF1): Direct Observation.
Science. 286, 1722-1724 (1999)

15.K. Kitamura, M. Tokunaga, A. H. Iwane and T. Yanagida: A single myosin head moves along an actin filament with regular steps of ~5.3nm.
Nature. 397, 129-134 (1999)

16.A. Ishijima, H. Kojima, T. Funatsu, M. Tokunaga, H. Higuchi, H. Tanaka, T. Yanagida, Simultaneous observation of individual ATPase and mechanical events by a single myosin molecule during interaction with actin.
Cell, 92, 161-171 (1998)

17.H. Yokota, K. Saito, T. Yanagida, _Single molecule imaging of fluorescently-labeled proteins on metal by surface plasmons in aqueous solution.
Phys. Rev. Lett., 80(20), 4606-4609 (1998)

18.C. Shingyoji, H. Higuchi, M. Yoshimura, E. Katayama and T. Yanagida: Dynein arms are oscillating force generators.
Nature. 393, 711-714 (1998)

19.R. D. Vale, T. Funatsu, D. W. Pierce, L. Romberg, Y. Harada and T. Yanagida: Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along.
Nature. 380, 451-453 (1996)

20.T. Funatsu, Y. Harada, M. Tokunaga, K. Saito and T. Yanagida: Imaging of single fluorescent molecules and individual ATP turnovers by single myosin molecules in aqueous solution.
Nature. 374, 555-559 (1995)

21.A. Ishijima, T. Doi, K. Sakurada and T. Yanagida: Sub-piconewton force fluctuations of actomyosin in vitro.
Nature. 352, 301-306 (1991)

22.A. Kishino and T. Yanagida: Force measurements by micromanipulation of a single actin filament by glass needles.
Nature. 334, 74-76 (1988)

23.Y. Harada, A. Noguchi, A. Kishino and T. Yanagida: Sliding movement of single actin filaments on one-headed myosin filaments.
Nature. 326, 805-808 (1987)

24.T. Yanagida, T. Arata and F. Oosawa: Sliding distance of actin filament induced by a myosin crossbridge during one ATP hydrolysis cycle.
Nature. 316, 366-369 (1985)

25.T. Yanagida, M. Nakase, K. Nishiyama and F. Oosawa: Direct observation of motion of single F-actin filaments in the presence of myosin.
Nature. 307, 58-60 (1984)

他200編

Arts and Philosophy “Thought and Ethics”

Augustin Berque

Augustin Berque

Retired director of studies, Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales

Title of Presentation

“Poetics of the Earth, an eco-phenomenological approach”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Can we surmount the opposition which modern dualism has established between nature and culture, and consequently between the natural sciences and the humanities? That would amount not only to renaturing culture and reculturing nature, in the movement of history and evolution, but also to overcoming rationally the respective limits of the Western and the Eastern ways of thinking, in a synthesis of the respective advantages of these two great traditions of thought, one which, in the West, has favoured individual consciousness, and one which, in the East, has favoured the links of consciousness with the world.

As proposed here, this synthesis centres on the concept of trajection (通態 tsûtai), which allows to combine, in the historical progress of trajective chains (通態連鎖 tsûtai rensa), the Aristotelian logic of the identity of the subject (主語の論理 shugo no ronri) and the Nishidian logic of the identity of the predicate (述語の論理 jutsugo no ronri), or logic of place (場所の論理 basho no ronri). In these trajective chains, there is indefinitely an assumption of the substantial subject S as an unsubstantial predicate P, and a substantialization of the relation S/P (i.e. S as P) into a new subject S’ for a new predicate P’; that is S’/P’, then S”/P”, and so on. Concretely, this trajection corresponds to the reversible passage (通い kayoi) between environment (環境 kankyô) and milieu (環世界 kansekai), that is between the raw data of the environment (that which Uexküll calls Umgebung, and Watsuji 自然環境 shizen kankyô) and the sensible reality (S/P) of that which Uexküll calls Umwelt, and Watsuji 風土 fûdo.

The concept of trajective chain allows also a synthesis of the two aisles of thought as distinguished by Yamauchi Tokuryû, an Eastern one founded on lemma, and a Western one founded on logos. Only the abstraction peculiar to logos permits the objectification necessary to the modern natural sciences, whereas only the concreteness peculiar to lemma permits to take into account, in the syllemma (taking together, notably so in symbolicity) of A and non-A (A即 soku non-A, i.e. A is/is not non-A, or A as non-A), both the existence of the subject and that of the object. The historical progress of the trajective chain thus allows to grasp rationally the apparently irrational reality of S as P, that is, concretely, of the environment as a milieu, i.e. Umgebung als Umwelt or 自然環境即風土 shizen kankyô soku fûdo.

This synthesis allows to found anew, beyond modern classic dualism (that of Descartes and Newton), a mesology (Umweltlehre, 風土学 fûdogaku) in tune with contemporary physics, which, as Heisenberg has shown, deals with a relation with nature rather than with nature as an object, and also in tune with the stress which biology has put recently on epigenetic relations rather than on the identity of the sole genom. We should reconsider on these bases the theory of evolution, and particularly the antagonism between neo-Darwinian orthodoxy and Imanishi Kinji’s naturing science (自然学 shizengaku). The lecture concludes on the perspective of a development, in the XXIst century, of a biohermeneutics taking into account the meaning of its own milieu for any living being, and the possibility, for the human, to continue indefinitely with the work of nature.

“Is the concept of speciety rationally operative ?”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

The lecture discusses the validity of the concept of shushakai 種社会put forward by the Japanese naturalist IMANISHI Kinji (1902-1992). Imanishi has been internationally recognized as the initiator of a paradigm shift in primatology, the essence of which consists in recognizing the animal’s subjecthood, sociality and culturalness. Yet, he was much more than a primatologist. Also an entomologist, ecologist, anthropologist and a great moutaineer, he was fundamentally a thinker of nature, life and evolution. He summarized his epistemological stance in the concept of shizengaku 自然学, as opposed to shizen kagaku自然科学, the natural sciences. Though robot translators make no difference between the two terms, what is at stake here is in fact an alternative between two radically different conceptions of reality, one (shizen kagaku) in which, in accordance with the classical modern Western scientific paradigm, nature is considered as an object, and another one (shizengaku) in which the scientist participates in the general subjecthood of nature, and thus is able to know it hermeneutically, i.e. from the inside, making science itself a particular aspect of nature’s general motion. This is why I propose to translate shizengaku with “naturing science”. Needless to say, from the first point of view, this is a totally heretic, unscientific stance. This discrepancy was best illustrated with respect to the theory of evolution. All his life long, Imanishi was highly concerned with evolution, and published abundantly about it, tenaciously contesting the neo-Darwinian dogma. One of his last books (1980), entitled Subjecthood in evolution (Shutaisei no shinkaron 主体性の進化論), is a good example of what shizengaku can consist of in such matters. No surprise, his theses were discarded by the academic world (though he was himself titular of a prestigious chair at the University of Kyoto). My stance here is different. I do consider that shizengaku, for better or worse, is a highly philosophical question, which deserves much more attention than that kind of mura hachibu 村八分 (village ostracism). We should remember that, during a whole generation, if not totally ignored, Imanishi’s primatology was laughed at in the West as childishly anthropomorphic, before it became so naturally paradigmatic as to make young Western primatologists unaware of its origin. Yet, it was and remains consistent with his shizengaku and its main concepts, including particularly that of shushakai. All the question fundamentally relies on the modern distinction between subject and object and its relevance, on the one hand, to Japanese realities (language, attitudes toward nature, etc., which in fact imply an ambient rather than a subject), and on the other hand to reality in general, beyond the classical modern Western scientific paradigm. Is science to remain within the gauge of shizen kagaku, or can we conceive of scientifically renaturing science itself? Relating Imanishi’s shizengaku to Uexküll’s Umweltlehre leads to reconsider the concept of shushakai. I propose to translate this concept with the neologism speciety, defining it as the fact of being a species as a society, not as a mere population ; a society endowed with subjecthood, thus possessing its own specific world and evolving in relation to that world, rather than to the environment in general. The point of view is that of mesology, i.e. the study of milieu as distinct from the environment, which is the object of ecology. Mesology in that sense corresponds to Umweltlehre in Uexküll’s sense, and to fûdogaku 風土学 in Watsuji’s sense.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
Web Site URL
A brief Biography

Studies geography, Chinese and Japanese at Paris University (1959-1963), at the School of oriental languages, Paris (1960-1963, 1965-1967) and at Oxford University, Wadham College (1963-1964).
Diploma of Chinese of the School of oriental languages (1967).
Doctor in geography (PhD, 1969, Paris University); thesis : Commercial hierarchies in Landes department, unpublished.
State doctor in letters (professoral dissertation, 1977, Paris IV University), thesis: Colonisation and cultural change in Hokkaidô, a study in cultural geography, microfilm, Paris, Publications orientalistes de France.
Military service at the Geographical Service of the French Army at Joigny and Baden-Baden (1964-1965).
Assistant lecturer at the School of Fine Art in Paris, 1967-1969.
Since 1969, numerous stays in Japan, totaling more than 17 years.
Teaches French at the Athénée français, Tokyo, 1969-1970, at the French-Japanese Institute, 1970.
Lector in French at Hokkaido University, 1970-1974.
Researcher at the Maison franco-japonaise, Tokyo, and invited researcher at Tohoku University, Sendai, 1975-1977.
Researcher at the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research), 1977-1979.
Since 1979 up to the present, director of studies at the EHESS, where he has directed the Centre for research on contemporary Japan from 1981 to 1999.
Detached as Director of the Maison franco-japonaise in Tokyo, 1984-1988.
Detached as Professor at Miyagi University, Sendai, 1999-2001.
Detached as invited researcher at the Nichibunken (Centre for international research on Japanese culture, Kyoto), 1993-1994 and 2005-2006.
Retired since Sept. 1st, 2011.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

*Lauréat de la Société de géographie pour Médiance, 1991/Prize of the French Geographical Society for his book Médiance, 1991 ;

*chevalier de l’Ordre du Mérite (ministère de l’Environnement), 1991/Chevalier of the Order of Merit (Ministry of Environment), 1991 ;

*élu membre de l’Academia europaea, 1991/Member of the Academia europaea, 1991 ;

*prix de la création culturelle japonaise 日本文化デザイン賞, 1995, pour ses travaux en théorie du paysage/Prize of the Japanese society for cultural design, for his works in the theory of landscape, 1995 ;

*prix Yamagata Bantô 山形蟠桃賞, 1997, pour ses travaux en japonologie/ Yamagata Bantô Prize for his works in Japanese studies, 1997 ;

*médaille d’argent du CNRS, 2000, pour ses travaux en géographie/Silver medal of the CNRS for his works in geography, 2000 ;

*prix culturel de la Société des architectes du Japon 日本建築学会文化賞, 2006, pour ses travaux sur l’habitat au Japon/Cultural prize of the Japanese society of architects, for his works on human settlements in Japan, 2006 ;

*Grand Prix de Fukuoka pour les cultures d’Asie 福岡アジア文化大賞 2009 [ce Grand Prix n’avait jusque-là jamais été décerné à un occidental] / Fukuoka Asian Culture Grand Prize, 2009 [this Grand Prize had until then never been awarded to a Westerner] ;

*Prix de la Fondation du Japon pour les études japonaises 国際交流基金賞, 2011 / Japan Foundation Award for Japanese studies, 2011 ;

*Membre d’honneur de la Société européenne des études japonaises, 2011 / Honorary member of the European Society for Japanese Studies, 2011 ;

*Prix des études japonaises (日本研究功労賞) 2012 des Instituts nationaux pour les humanités 人間文化研究機構/ NIHU Prize in Japanese studies 2012 ;

*Docteur honoris causa de l’Université Kwansei Gakuin (Japon, 1996) et de l’Université Laval (Québec, 2013) / Doctor Honoris causa, Kwansei Gakuin University (Japan, 1996) and Laval University(Quebec, 2013) ;

A list of selected Publications

1. Le Japon, gestion de l’espace et changement social, Paris, Flammarion, 1976, 340 p. [Territorial policies and social change in Japan].

2. La Rizière et la banquise, colonisation et changement culturel à Hokkaidô, Paris, Publications orientalistes de France, 1980, 272 p. [Ricefield and icefield. Colonization and cultural change in Hokkaidô].

3. Vivre l’espace au Japon, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1982, 222 p. [A Phenomenology of space in Japan]. 日本語訳『空間の日本文化』、筑摩書房、1985.

4. Le Sauvage et l’artifice, les Japonais devant la nature, Paris, Gallimard, 1997 (1ère éd. 1986), 314 p. Translated as Nature, artifice and Japanese culture, Pilkington, 1997. 『風土の日本. 自然と文化の通態』、筑摩書房、1988.

5. (direction/ed.) Le Japon et son double, logiques d’un autoportrait, Paris, Masson, 1987, 165 p. [The Logics of Japan’s self-portrait].

6. (direction/ed.) La Qualité de la ville : urbanité française, urbanité nippone, Tokyo, Maison franco-japonaise, 1987, 327 p. [The Quality of the city : French and Japanese urbanity].

7. Médiance, de milieux en paysages, Paris, Belin/Reclus, 2000 (1ère éd. 1990), 161 p. [Mediance : from milieu to landscape]. 日本語訳『風土としての地球』、筑摩書房、1993.

8. 『日本の風景、西洋の景観、そして造景の時代』Nihon no fûkei, Seiô no keikan, soshite zôkei no jidai  (Le Paysage au Japon, en Europe, et à l’ère du paysagement), Tokyo, Kodansha, 1990, 190 p. [Landscape in Japan and in Europe].

9. Du Geste à la cité, formes urbaines et lien social au Japon, Paris, Gallimard, 1993, 247 p. 日本語訳『都市の日本』、筑摩書房、1995 . Translated as Japan : cities and social bonds, Pilkington, 1997.

10. 『都市のコスモロジー』 Toshi no kosumorojî, Nichi-Bei-Ou toshi hikaku (Cosmologie de la ville, comparaison des villes du Japon, des Etats-Unis et d’Europe), Tokyo, Kodansha, 1993, 236 p. [Comparing urbanity in Japan, Europe and North America].

11. (direction/ed.) Cinq propositions pour une théorie du paysage, Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 1994, 125 p. [Five proposals for landscape].

12. (direction/ed.) La Maîtrise de la ville : urbanité française, urbanité nippone, II, Paris, Éditions de l’EHESS, 1994, 595 p. [Mastering the city : French and Japanese urbanity, II].

13. (direction/ed.) Dictionnaire de la civilisation japonaise, Paris, Hazan, 1994, 537 p. in quarto. [Dictionary of the Japanese civilization].

14. Les Raisons du paysage, de la Chine antique aux environnements de synthèse, Paris, Hazan, 1995, 192 p. [The Reasons of landscape, from ancient China to synthetic environments].

15. 『日本の風土性』Nihon no fûdosei (La Médiance nippone), Tokyo, NHK Ningen Daigaku, 1995, 130 p. et 2 vidéo-cassettes (total 6 h) [Japanese mediance].

16. Être humains sur la Terre, principes d’éthique de l’écoumène, Paris, Gallimard, 1996, 212 p. 日本語訳『地球と存在の哲学』、筑摩書房、1995 [Being human on the earth : principles of ecumenal ethics].

17. (direction/ed., avec/with Philippe Nys) Logique du lieu et œuvre humaine, Bruxelles, Ousia, 1997, 276 p. [Logic of place and human work].

18. (avec/with Maurice Sauzet et/and Jean-Paul Ferrier) De Japon en Méditerranée, architecture et présence au monde, Paris, Massin, 1999, 189 p. [From Japan to the Mediterranean : architecture and presence in the world].

19. (direction/ed.) La Mouvance : du jardin au territoire, cinquante mots pour le paysage, Paris, Éditions de la Villette, 1999, 100 p. [Fifty words for landscape].

20. (direction/ed.) Logique du lieu et dépassement de la modernité, tome I : Nishida, la mouvance philosophique, 390 p ; tome II : Du lieu nishidien vers d’autres mondes, 294 p., Bruxelles, Ousia, 2000. [Logic of place and the overcoming of modernity, I. Nishida and his influence, II. From the Nishidian place to other worlds].

21. Écoumène, introduction à l’étude des milieux humains, Paris, Belin, 2000, 271 p. [Ecumene : an introduction to the study of human milieux]. 日本語訳『風土学序説』、筑摩書房, 2002.

22. Les Déserts de Jean Verame, Milan/Paris, Skira/Seuil, 2000, 180 p. [Jean Verame’s deserts].

23. (対談集entretiens/talks)『都市、建築空間の場所生』Toshi, kenchiku kûkan to bashosei (Ville, architecture et sens du lieu), Sendai, Miyagi Daigaku, 2001, 331 p. [City, architecture, sense of place].

24. (avec/with Maurice SAUZET) Le Sens de l’espace au Japon. Vivre, penser, bâtir, Paris, Arguments, 2004, 227 p. [The Sense of space in Japan].

25. (direction/ed., avec/with Philippe BONNIN et/and Cynthia GHORRA-GOBIN) La Ville insoutenable, Paris, Belin, 2006, 366 p. [Unsustainable city].

26. (direction/ed.) Mouvance II. Du jardin au territoire, soixante-dix mots pour le paysage, Paris, Éditions de la Villette, 2006, 120 p. [Seventy words for landscape].

27. (編著direction/ed.)『日本の住まいに於ける風土性と持続性』 Nihon no sumai ni okeru fûdosei to jizokusei (Médiance et soutenabilité dans l’habitation japonaise), Kyôto, Nichibunken, 2007 [Mediance and sustainability in Japanese habitation].

28. La Pensée paysagère, Paris, Archibooks, 2008. 日本語訳『風景という知』、世界思想社、2010. Translated as Thinking through landscape, Routledge, 2013.

29. (direction/ed., avec/with Philippe BONNIN et/and Alessia DE BIASE) L’Habiter dans sa poétique première, Paris, Donner lieu, 2008, 404 p. [The primary poetics of inhabiting].

30. (direction/ed.) Une ville se refait-elle ? Paris, L’Harmattan, 2009, 142 p. (Géographie et cultures n° 65, printemps 2008) [ Can cities be remade ?].

31. (co-direction / co-editor) Être vers la vie / 生への存在. Ontologie, biologie, éthique de l’existence humaine. Actes du colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle, Ebisu n°40-41, automne 2008-été 2009, 224 p. [Being toward life. Ontology, biology, ethics of human existence. Proceedings of the Cerisy-la-Salle symposium].

32. Histoire de l’habitat idéal. De l’Orient vers l’Occident, Paris, Le Félin, 2010, 399 p. [History of the ideal abode : from East to West].

33. Milieu et identité humaine. Notes pour un dépassement de la modernité, Paris, Donner lieu, 2010, 150 p. [Milieu and human identity, being notes for an overcoming of modernity].

34. (Traduction et glose de) WATSUJI Tetsurô, Fûdo. Le milieu humain, Paris, Éditions du CNRS, 2011, 330 p. [和辻哲郎著『風土』の仏訳(Translation and gloss of) Fûdo. The human milieu].

35. (co-direction / co-editor) Donner lieu au monde : la poétique de l’habiter Paris, Donner lieu, 2012, 402 p.

36. (direction/ed.) De chose en fait : la question du milieu. Articles issus du colloque de Shin-Hirayu [From thing to fact : the question of milieu. Proceedings of the Shin-Hirayu symposium], Ebisu, n° 49 (printemps-été 2013), p. 50-113 .

Bin Kimura

Bin Kimura

Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University
Director, Kawai Institute for Culture and Education

Title of Presentation

“Disturbance of the “self” in schizophrenia”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

As is the case in other fields of medicine, symptoms in the realm of psychiatry are measures of self-defense against etiological disturbances that affect the patient primarily. Simply eliminating symptoms is not the ultimate goal; we cannot accept recent international diagnostic criteria indicating symptoms as the final basis for diagnosis.

The representative symptom of schizophrenia (known in the nineteenth century as “dementia praecox”) is the confusion of self and non-self, including the experience of being influenced, such as the idea that one is being constantly manipulated by others, and “thought broadcasting,” where the patient feels as if his or her thoughts can be heard directly by others. Defining the “crisis of the principle of individuation”–an unobjectifiable problem believed to be a primary cause of schizophrenia symptoms–is a key issue in phenomenological psychopathology.

L. Binswanger, the originator of phenomenological psychopathology, championed the concept of daseinsanalysis, which leaned heavily on the idea of dasein that Heidegger proposed in Being and Time. Binswanger also advocated “diagnosis through feeling”–the process of looking at the “person” of the patient intuitively through interpersonal communication. H.C. Rümke, meanwhile, coined the term “praecox-feeling” to refer to the awkward feelings that schizophrenic patients arouse in others and used the idea to explain the patients’ diminished instinct of interpersonal contact. W. Blankenburg attributed the strong sense of alienation (entfremdung) that schizophrenic patients feel from the outside world to the feeling of strangeness (befremdung) that they stir in others.

According to Blankenburg, the impaired independence of self and manifestation of unnatural behavior (loss of natural evidence) observed in schizophrenic patients connect to the idea of dialectical complementarity; individual autonomy, a quality that one needs to acquire by denying natural evidence, actually depends on natural evidence in order to develop. In my view, however, the obstacles that schizophrenic patients encounter in terms of both the ideas of “self” (mizukara) and “natural evidence” (onozukara) are co-primordial in nature based on the dysfunctional primordial spontaneity (where “self” corresponds to “effluence”) common to both elements. “Myself” (mizukara) is the mode in which vital action, the root of all experience, manifests itself in the individual situation of “my body” (mi), while “of itself” (onozukara) corresponds to the impersonal original activity that exists prior to the point where vital spontaneity is limited to the individual body.

Schizophrenia is believed to be a human-specific pathology, a condition unique to the homo sapiens species. This notion has roots in the human-specific self-awareness of the idea that ubiquitous living (zoé) is limited to individual life (bios) through the body (mi). In that sense, it also connects to the conflict between totalitarianism, which idealizes the solidarity of ubiquitous living, and individualism, which focuses on the individuality of biotic lives. The reason that scholars trace the origins of schizophrenia to late-eighteenth-century Western Europe is that the Age of Enlightenment, which had grown to exert a dominant philosophical force by that time, served to illuminate the incompatibility of totalitarianism and individualism. The twentieth century saw individualism continue to develop into the preeminent school of thought, gradually rendering the conflict obsolete. As the conflict faded into the background, the symptoms of schizophrenia grew less and less severe, and the incidence of classic cases began to fall. Schizophrenia is a disorder in the process that limits the subjectivity of the human species to the individual subjectivity of the patient, who resists the embedding of the subjectivity of species and attempts to achieve individual subjectivity in an unnatural way. The patient thus adopts a future-anticipative approach to life, a mode of living that I call ante-festum, out of necessity–but this need may, in fact, have recently started to wane.

“About the concepts of “self” and “I”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

Psychiatry deals with pathological conditions that prevent the “self” (“jiko”) from being adequately realized in the form of “myself” (“Watashi-jisin”).” However, schools of thought that attempt to conceptualize the “self” and “myself” in substantial and objective terms do not take the nature of these pathological conditions into full account. Ever since I became a psychiatrist, I have confronted this issue from the conceptual foundation of the “self” laid by Kitaro Nishida.

My contemplations on the “self” concept began with the discourse on depersonalization. A person who suffers from depersonalization often says things like “I can’t feel myself” or “I don’t actually feel like the things I see and hear exist.” According to Nishida, “When the world becomes aware of itself, we become aware of ourselves, and when we become aware of ourselves, the world becomes aware of itself.” And he says: “Things arise, and they illuminate me [and the being of me comes up].” In my view, then, depersonalization disorder arose out of a person’s lack of “ego quality” (now often called “qualia”)–a characteristic that comes along with the perception of the world. As a result, the person’s sense of both the outside world and the self would lose actuality.

A person with schizophrenia cannot adequately establish his or her jiko (myself) in interpersonal relationships, leaving the sufferer prone to wide-ranging perceptions of “otherness.” Representative symptoms of schizophrenia include the experience of being influenced, such as the idea that one is being constantly manipulated by others, and “thought broadcasting,” where the patient feels as if his or her thoughts can be heard directly by others. For schizophrenic patients, then, the “other” is not a separate entity spatially isolated from the self, as is the case for paranoia. Rather, the “other” resides in the very “foundation of the self”–the cornerstone for forming a subjective embodiment of the self.

Rümke coined the term “praecox-feeling” to refer to the uneasiness and unfamiliar sensations that examiners feel when talking with schizophrenic patients and interfere with the instinct of interpersonal contact on both sides of the interaction. Binswanger explored the concept of feeling-diagnosis, an approach where the examiner uses his or her intuitive faculties to perceive the patient’s “inconsequence of experience” and lack of rapport. Blankenburg maintained that there is a strong connection between the alienation that psychiatrists sense in schizophrenic patients due to a “loss of natural evidence” and the alienation that the patients feel from the outside world. In a schizophrenic patient, self-related dysfunction emerges in the unnatural sensations filling the “space” (“aida”) between the patient and others.

In an article called “Watashi to nanji” (“I and You”), Nishida expounds on the idea of the self and the other. “I and you are absolutely others…But I am myself by recognizing you and you are yourself by recognizing me,” Nishida writes. “You exist at the basis of me and I exist at the basis of you. I unite myself through the basis of me with you and you unite yourself through the basis of you with me.” He continues, saying, “By seeing at the basis of me the absolute Other as my own basis, I am integrated into the inside of the Other, that is to say, I lose myself in the Other and you must lose yourself also in the Other. I can hear in this Other your voice calling and you can hear in this Other my voice calling.”

The meeting of the self and the other–the “I” and the “you”–forges the “basis” for each party in the interpersonal “space (aida).” These individual bases come together to form the “underlying commonality” on which the “foundation of the self” and thereby the identity of the “absolute Other” rest. Building on the foundation of the self, one then establishes the “ipseity of the self” on the “self-identity of absolute contradictories.” From my perspective, the persistent peril of “breaking down” that characterizes schizophrenia has its roots in the very structure of the self.

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1955.3   B.Sc. Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University

1961.10-1963.9   Studied abroad at Dept. Psychiatry, University of Munich

1969.2-1970.10   visiting lecturer at Dept. Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg

1970.10-1974.12   Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya City University

1974.12-1986.5   Full Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya City University

1986.5-1994.3   Full Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University

1994.4-present   Advisor to President, Kyoto Hakuaikai Hospital

1994.4-present   Chief Scientist, Kawai Institute of Culture and Education(Director since 2008.4)

1994.4-1995.3   Full Professor, Faculty of Sociology, Ryukoku University

1995.4-2001.3   Full Professor, Faculty of Intercultural Communications, Ryukoku University

2002.5-present   Standing Director, Japanisch-Deutsches Kulturinstitut (President since 2013.5)

2004.4-2005.9   Visiting Professor, Faculty of Letters, Ritsumeikan University

Details of selected Awards and Honors

1981   The 3rd Philipp Franz von Siebold Prize

1985   The 1st Margrit Egner Award

2003   The 15th Tetsuro Watsuji Prize for Culture

2010   The 64th Mainichi Cultural Award for Publications

2012   The 30th Kyoto Prefecture Cultural Award for Lifetime Achievements

A list of selected Publications

35 single-authored books in total
For details of published books in Japanese, please refer to the Japanese web page.

1992   Écrits de Psychopathologie Phénoménologique (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris).

1995   Zwischen Mensch und Mensch. Strukturen japanischer Subjektivität ( Wissenschaftliche

2000   L’Entre. Une approche phénoménologique de la schizophrénie (Jérôme Millon, Grenoble).

2005   Scritti di psicopatologia fenomenologica (G. Fioriti, Roma).

2013   TRA per una fenomenologi dell’ incontro (Il Pozzo die Giacobbe, Roma).

19 translated books, 27 edited books,
47 papers in European languages (without co-author)
144 Japanese papers (without co-author), 14 Japanese papers (with co-authors)

Alastair V. Campbell

Alastair V. Campbell

Director, Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore (NUS)

Title of Presentation

“Ethics: the heart and soul of medicine and science”July 12, 2014

Abstract Abstract

We live in a post-religious and globalized age, in which the dominant value is that of economic growth and profitability. Market values have infiltrated all aspects of daily life, affecting where and how we live, how are our children are educated, which sports and forms of entertainment are most financially rewarded, what goals young people have for their lives, how we view old age and death, and what legacy we leave for future generations.

This pervasive marketization has seriously affected science generally and medicine in particular. The values of science are commitment to the unbiased search for truthful and accurate description of the nature of things, and to the sharing of knowledge with others for the benefit of humankind. These values have been seriously eroded – if not abandoned altogether. In their place there is a rising tide of scientific fraud and the retention or concealment of research findings for personal or institutional gain. In medicine, the ethical ideal, that ‘the health of my patient shall be my first consideration’ is being replaced by relentless promotion of profitable activities, such as cosmetic treatments and unproven therapies, with the enhancement of personal income the main driver.

How can we restore the heart and soul of medicine and science? This will require a radical form of ethics, a commitment to a searching socio-political critique of the forces that, by putting profit ahead of people, threaten our true humanity.

“West meets East and East meets West – Cultural Enrichment in Bioethics”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

In this presentation I shall first describe my experience of setting up a bioethics centre in the Medical School of the University of Singapore, subsequent to my setting up of two other similar centres in Bristol, UK and Dunedin, New Zealand. Then I shall go on to identify several key issues in Bioethics in Asia: public health issues, including pandemic and disaster planning; clinical research with vulnerable populations; organ trading and other aspects of the harvesting of human tissue; cultural dimensions of bioethics; and capacity development of bioethics in both medicine and science.

In a second section of my paper I shall suggest that many of these issues are not unique to Asia, rather that most of the issues we face are global in nature and require international solutions. After a brief discussion of the debate about a specifically Asian bioethics, I shall suggest a set of values in bioethics that need both regional and international attention, if the problems we shall face in the near future are to be dealt with both effectively and ethically.

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Professor Alastair V Campbell is the Director, of the Centre for Biomedical Ethics in the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine of the National University of Singapore. He is a former President of the International Association of Bioethics. He is a recipient of the HK Beecher Award, a Fellow of the Hastings Centre, New York and of the Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Honorary Vice‐President of the Institute of Medical Ethics, and elected Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His recent books include Health as Liberation (1996), Medical Ethics (with D.G. Jones and G. Gillet, 3rd Edition 2005), The Body in Bioethics (2009) and Bioethics: the Basics (May, 2013). He was formerly chair of the Ethics and Governance Council of UK Biobank and currently a member of the Bioethics Advisory Committee to the Singapore Government and of the National Medical Ethics Committee of the Singapore Ministry of Health.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

1) H.K. Beecher Award, Hastings Center, New York, 2000

2) Corresponding Fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2011

A list of selected Publications

Books (or book chapters)

1) The Body in Bioethics, Routledge-Cavendish (February 2009)

2) Bioethics: the Basics (Routledge-Cavendish, 2013)

3) Campbell*, A V, Jacqueline J L CHIN* and T C VOO*, “Ethics and Attitudes”. In A Practical Guide for Medical
Teachers, 4 ed., 253. London: Elsevier, 2013. 413 pp.

4) Campbell, A V, “Why The Body Matters: reflections on John Harris’s Account of Organ Procurement”. In From
Theory to Practice in Bioethics: An Anthology Dedicated to the Works of John Harris. Manchester University Press, 2013.

Articles in referred journal

1) With Ang, A., Loke, P., Chong, S.A., Live or Let Die: Ethical Issues in a Psychiatric Patient with End-stage
Renal Failure Annals Academy of Medicine, Vol. 38 No. 4 pp. 370-373 (2009)

2) With SA Chong, Capps, B., Subramaniam, M., Voo, T.C Clinical Research in Time of Pandemics Public Health
Ethics,3(1): 35-38 (2010)

3) CHIN, Jacqueline J L and A V Campbell, “Transplant tourism or international transplant medicine? A case
for making the distinction”. American Journal of Transplantation, 12, no. 7 (2012)

4) Campbell, A V, Tan, C, Boujaoude, E, “The ethics of blood donation: Does altruism suffice?”. Biologicals,
40, no. 3 : 170 172 (2012)

5) Campbell, A V, “Can virtue prevail? Safeguarding integrity in medicine and science”. Indian Journal of
Medical Ethics, 10, no. 1 (2013): 11 13. (India).

6) Campbell, A V, “Why The Body Matters: reflections on John Harris’s Account of Organ Procurement”. In From
Theory to Practice in Bioethics: An Anthology Dedicated to the Works of John Harris. Manchester University Press, 2013.

Hisatake Kato

Hisatake Kato

Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University
Professor, University of Human Arts and Sciences

Title of Presentation

“Virtue Ethics and Bioethics”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

When US state universities began eliminating theology from their curricula, T.L. Beauchamp
(1939–) and other academics formed the field of “bioethics” as a means of keeping legions of philosophers from losing their jobs. The creation of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics (1972–78)–the corpus of the bioethical doctrine–is a testament to the social recognition and approval that the discipline has secured.

Although the field has covered many topics, its steadfast endorsement of the patient’s right to self-determination in medical settings has had a particularly prevalent effect on social consciousness. Central to this core concept was respecting the idea of “autonomy”–the belief that each individual has the right to make his or her own decisions. In forming their theories, bioethicists incorporated the arguments of early-twentieth-century American liberal legal thinkers L.D. Brandeis (1856-1941) and O.W. Holmes (1841-1935) into the discourse on the doctor-patient relationship.

Brandeis and Holmes based their arguments heavily on J.S. Mill’s On Liberty (1859), but it was bioethics that gave Mill’s secular utilitarianism (which advocates the greatest happiness for the greatest number) and liberalism (the belief that government should not interfere with individual behavior unless said behavior harms others) a more powerful social impact.

In the present day, however, utilitarianism and liberalism have met with an onslaught of criticism. In Against Autonomy (Cambridge 2013), for example, author Sarah Conly argues that “self-determination is a waste…paternalism, which coerces patients into the best possible medical care, is the only justifiable approach.” Sandel, meanwhile, says that “liberals make the unrealistic assumption that people behave like pure, virtuous atoms,” while B. Williams and MacIntyre make the claim that “there is no way to delineate the purpose of life.”

With bioethics drawing heat from a variety of observers, proponents of “virtue ethics” have begun to construct a new system of ethics around the belief that virtue is what brings people happiness. The original pioneer of the “virtue ethics” school was G.E.M. Anscombe (1919-1974), a devout Catholic, but Philippa Foot (1920-2010) and R. Hursthouse have attempted to distill the overarching Catholic doctrine of virtue ethics into its Aristotelian ethical elements.

Although Catholicism took shape on the foundation of Thomism, a combination of the Bible (the Trinity) and Aristotelian philosophy, scholars are now working to extract and foreground the naturalist component of that composite: the Aristotelian element. Virtue ethicists see considerable overlap between Aristotelian naturalism and the modern-day life sciences, but, given that Aristotle recognized the possibility of a “soul that exists separately from the body,” there are certain threads of Aristotle’s teachings that are simply impossible to reconcile with the tenets of today’s natural sciences.

We are now at the point where every religion is facing the possibility of having to abandon its supernatural teachings, from immortality and the afterlife to reincarnation and the final judgment, and find ways of reconstituting itself on naturally conceivable human truths alone. As these conditions continue to evolve, the intersection where bioethics and virtue ethics meet may provide a fertile context for sweeping ideological transformations. (2014. 6. 24)

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Professor Hisatake Kato is the President of Tottori University of Environmental Studies. He was born in Tokyo in 1937 and raised there. He studied philosophy at Tokyo University. From 1969 to 2001 he taught philosophy and ethics at Yamagata University, Tohoku University, Chiba University and Kyoto University. From 1982 to 1983 he was on sabbatical leave and stayed at Munich and Bochum for research.

He is the chair of the Philosophical Association of Japan from 1999 and a member of the steering committee of the Japan Association for Bioethics Studies from 1987. He is also a member of the steering committee of the International Study Center of Japanese Culture. He serves on various governmental councils such as Council for Science and Technology and Health Science Council.

Details of selected Awards and Honors

He won the Yamazaki Prize for Philosophy in 1979 and the Watsuji Tetsuro Prize for Culture in 1994. He was awarded Medal with Purple Ribbon in 2000 for his contribution to philosophy and ethics.

A list of selected Publications

He is the author of more than 20 books on philosophy and ethics in Japanese, including The Genesis and Principle of Hegel’s Philosophy (Miraisha, 1980), An Introduction to Bioethics (Miraisha, 1986), Philosophy of Jokes (Kodansha, 1987), Philosophy of Forms (Chuokoronsha, 1991), An Introduction to Environmental Ethics (Maruzen, 1991), Mission of Philosophy (Miraisha, 1992), Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (Seidosha, 1993), Ethica of 21 Century (Mraisha, 1993), Technology and Ethics (NHK Press, 1996), Brain Death, Clone, and Gene Therapy (PHP Press, 1999), Ethics of Parenting (Maruzen, 2000), View of Value and Science/Technology (Iwanami, 2001).

Tetsuro Shimizu

Tetsuro Shimizu

Professor , Uehiro Chair for Death & Life Studies and Practical Ethics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo

Title of Presentation

“Ethics of Unity and Difference:With special reference to ethical principles in healthcare”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

As a scholar in philosophy, I have been attempting, for many years, to develop a system of clinical ethics which is theoretically sound and practically effective in medical venues, through dialogues with health workers. In this process, I have received many benefits from the ethical theories of the West in general as well as in medicine, though occasionally with uncomfortable feelings, which might arise from the cultural differences between the West and Japan or East Asia. I have developed the theory of the ethics of unity and difference, which seems to me effective in explaining the origin and essence of ethical principles in healthcare, and also in understanding the cultural differences. I would speak in the following order.

First, our ethical beliefs and behaviors are explained in relation to ‘the ethics of unity’ and ‘the ethics of difference’, or ‘live by helping each other’ and ‘live and let live.’ The former embodies attitudes of mutual support based on the belief that people are companions, while the latter attitudes of mutual non-interference are based on the belief that people are strangers to each other. People gauge appropriate behavior by assessing the distance between each other and blending the two ethics in proportion to that distance. Though both ethics have darker sides, deficiencies of each are offset by the merits of the other: they are complements to each other.

Second, the preceding explanation of the two ethics presupposed, we can logically infer their history that these two ethics originated, evolved and commingled from the motive of group survival. The ethics of unity originated in intra-group relationships. Human Beings had been living in groups, and it is the survival of the group that members of a group lived for, and usually cooperation and mutual support between them was necessary for it. It is not respect for the individual, but group survival that defines the mutual support. By contrast, the ethics of difference originated in inter-group relationships. From the experience of interaction with other groups, our ancestors had built the knowledge that it is more effective for their survival to make inter-group rules of demarcation, including mutual non-aggression and non-interference with the aim of peaceful coexistence, than to keep on fighting over territory, especially when it is a competition between equal forces. Thus, the ethics of unity was effective in intra-group relationships, and the ethics of difference in inter-group ones. Later, as inter-group relationships became more and more complex, it became difficult to make a binary decision on whether a relationship is an intra-group or inter-group one, and the two ethics became intermingled.

Third, primitive care was performed in a primitive human group, where the ethics of unity alone were predominant. Sine quibus non for such care are the process of communication and beneficence under the ethics of unity. By contrast, healthcare is a socialized (i.e. socially systemized) care, in which some sine quibus non for a care to be socialized are added because of the introduction of the ethics of difference to caring. The principle of non-interference is the basis for the respect for autonomy; divergence of opinions concerning what is in the best interest of the patient is taken into account; and appropriateness from the social point of view, in which justice is involved, is introduced as another principle. Thus the following three ethical principles are deduced from the sine quibus non for socialized care, which should be understood under the ethics of unity and difference.
1) Respect for Human Beings: Treat the persons you face as Human Beings in healthcare.
2) Beneficence: Intend to promote the well-being of the persons you face through healthcare.
3) Social appropriateness: Check the appropriateness of the activities you are doing or planning on doing in healthcare from the social point of view.

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1965-69 Studied natural sciences (especially Astronomy) at Tokyo University. [Apr.1969: B.A.(natural science)]
1970-72 Studied philosophy at Tokyo Metropolitan University. [Mar.1972: B.A.(humanity)]
1972-77 Studied philosophy at Graduate School, Tokyo Metropolitan University. [Mar.1974: M.Litt.]
1977/Jun.-1980/Aug. Instructor, Tokyo Metropolitan University.
1980/Aug.-1982/Aug. Lecturer of Western Philosophy, Hokkaido University.
1982/Aug.-1993/Mar. Associate Professor of Western Philosophy, Hokkaido University.
1990/Mar. D.Litt(PhD). from Tokyo Metropolitan University 1990/Oct.-91/Jun. Visiting Associate of Clare Hall, Cambridge, U.K. (Life Member of the college from 91 on.)
1993/Apr.-1996/Mar. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Tohoku University.
1996/Apr.- 2007/Mar. Professor of Philosophy, Tohoku University.
2007/Apr.- present Professor, Uehiro Chair for Death and Life Studies, The Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo.

He has served as a member of Board of Directors of various societies and associations, including Japanese Society for Palliative Medicine, The Philosophical Association of Japan, The Japanese Society for Ethics, Japan Association for Bioethics, and The Japanese Association for Philosophical and Ethical Researches in Medicine.

A list of selected Publications

Shimizu T, The Ethics of Unity and Difference: Interpretations of Japanese Behaviour Surrounding 11 March 2011, Tetsuji Uehiro,ed. Ethics for the Future of Life: Proceedings of the 2012 Uehiro-Carnegie-Oxford Ethics Conference, The Oxford Uehiro Center for Practical Ethics, 2013: 134-143.

Shimizu T., Palliative Care, Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, 2nd ed., vol.3: 328-337, Elsevier, 2012.2

Shimizu T. & Burnett C., eds., Words in medieval logic, theology and psychology. Brill, 2009

Shimizu T., Non-consequentialist Theory of Proportionality: with reference to the Ethical Controversy over Sedation in Terminal Stage, Journal of Philosophy and Ethics in Health Care and Medicine, 2 (2007): 4-25.

Shimizu T., “Word and Esse in Anselm and Abelard”,G.E.M.Gasper & H.Kohlenberger, eds., Anselm and Abelard: Investigations and Juxtapositions,pp.179-195,Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies,2006.

Shimizu T., “The place of intellectus in the theory of signification by Abelard and ars meliduna”,Intellect et imagination dans la Philosophie Medievale: Actes du XIIe Congres International de Philosophie Medievale de la Societe Internationale pour l’Etude de la Philosophie Medievale( S.I.E.P.M.) Porto, du 26 au 31 aout 2002, pp.927-939,Brepols,2006.

Shimizu T.,”Words and Concepts in Anselm and Abelard”,J.Biard,ed.,Langage, sciences, philosophie au XIIe si`ecle,pp.177-197,Paris: Vrin,1999.

Shimizu T., “Alcuin’s Theory of Signification and System of Philosophy”, Didascalia 2,pp.1-18,(1996), 1998.

Shimizu T., “From Vocalism to Nominalism : Progression in Abaelard’s Theory of Signification”,Didascalia 1, pp.15-46, 1995.

Shimizu T., “Time and Eternity : Ockham’s Logical Point of View”,Franciscan Studies, 50(1990),pp.283-307, 1993.

Michio Kobayashi

Michio Kobayashi

Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University
Professor, Faculty of Letters, Ryukoku University

Title of Presentation

“Science, Life and Mind”July 13, 2014

Abstract Abstract

When we discuss contemporary civilization and culture, it goes without saying that technology–and the modern “science” that makes it possible–are the first topics that we need to address. There is little doubt that science and technology will continue to make remarkable strides, bringing numerous forms of convenience and utility to humanity along the way (albeit, as examples throughout history and recent times have shown, also carrying with it the potential to devastate human life). These astounding scientific and technological developments will also continue to give some rise to the perspectives of “naturalism” or “scientism,” which hold that science and technology will eventually be able to explain the verbal activities of everyday human “life,” the existence of the human “mind,” and the workings of mental phenomena.

This paper contrasts modern scientific activity with our daily activities, the existence of the mind, and mental phenomenon in hopes of determining whether the latter can someday contribute to the former and, if not, what precludes that type of interaction. First, I outline the basic conditions and norms of science. Given the extraordinarily diverse range of contemporary science, there is generally no way to get a comprehensive picture of exactly what “science” is; as a mere philosopher, I stand no chance at understanding the technical mechanisms operating in the vast expanse of modern science. However, that inadequacy is precisely what fuels my belief that we philosophers–scholars of epistemology and worldviews–need to examine science’s fundamental constructs, which took shape in the seventeenth century, and present our image of science to our audience.

Second, I move from the points outlined above into a discussion of the daily activities that we go about within our spheres of life. With scientific activity in mind for comparative purposes, I then identify the characteristic qualities of our everyday doings. In these daily activities, we use our five senses to perceive things directly and then describe them and communicate with others in “ordinary language.” Our daily lives thus bear a fundamental difference from scientific activity, which relies on computational language and abstract models, and embody unique values that scientific activity cannot produce.

Finally, I look at the existence of the human “mind.” Contemporary times have seen the tides shift against the notion that the “mind” is an actual thing, with observers in the United States casting considerable doubt on the mind’s existence. In this section of my paper, I draw on the arguments of Descartes in an attempt to defend the reality of the mind. Cartesian philosophy applied the principle of universal doubt–the skepticism of all existence–to arrive at the conclusion that “mind=existence of the self” is a truth that dispels all doubt. In Descartes, the “existence of the self” is a product of internal intuition made possible by the use of universal doubt. Meanwhile, Descartes also affirms the idea that the mind and the body join together and act “holistically” in the context of daily life. The integration of the two distinct entities of mind and body is, to Descartes, a “primitive” state that defies all scientific and metaphysical reasoning and can only be attained through experience. Needless to say, Descartes was one of the leading mathematicians and physicists of his time. Despite his grounding in the world of science, Descartes considered human activity in daily life to be a manifestation of the union of mind and body: two radically different and therefore completely complementary entities. In my view, the contemporary age of science could stand to learn valuable lessons from this important viewpoint.

Profile

Profile details Profile details
A brief Biography

B.Sc. Dept. of Philosophy, Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University
Finished Ph.D. Course, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University
Studied abroad in France as a French Government Scholarship Recipient
Research Assistant Department of Philosophy, Collège de France
Lecturer, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University
Professor, Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University
Professor, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University
Presently, Professor of Faculty of Letters, Ryukoku University

Details of selected Awards and Honors

The Tetsuro Watsuji Prize for Culture

Japan Academy Prize

A list of selected Publications

La philosophie naturelle de Descartes(Paris, Vrin),

『デカルト哲学の体系ー自然学・形而上学・道徳論』(勁草書房)、

『科学哲学』(産業図書)、

『デカルトの自然哲学』 (岩波書店)、

『デカルト哲学とその射程』(弘文堂)、

『科学の世界と心の哲学』(中公新書)

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